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Abstract: Oral dose and intraperitonial injection of 30 experimental mice with spore suspension of Tilletia fungus revealed different clinical signs, included decrease in body weight, emaciation, general weakness, dyspenia, and ataxia. Severity of these changes depend upon concentration of spore suspension. While histopathological effects on heart, stomach and intestine of these experimental mice, were seen at concentration of 0.1 milligram / 0.5 milliliter PBS of spore suspension. Oral dose revealed more histopathologic damage in stomach, and intestine tissue than intraperitonial injection. Oral dose of 0.1 milligram /0.5 milliliter PBS caused mucous epithelium sloughing or detachment squamation accompanied with formation of ulcers oedema damage and necrosis, on the other hand, intraperitonial injection caused epithelium detachment with ulc

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This study, through the microbiological analysis of the most consumed food in the cafeterias and restaurants that were studied in the areas of Alexandria and the modern village and the districts of Mahaweel, Masib and Hilla.In vitro culturing of food samples and biochemical tests of bacteria on culture media, Escherichia coli was found, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentriae and some fungi on their culture media.

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ABSTRACT This study was aimed to detect different virulence genes that might be present in the Listeria monocytogenes. 50 clinical samples were gathered from patients with different sites like (stool, urine and blood). Though, only (22) isolates were contained L.monocytogenes using conventional and traditional techniques. Strains were isolated with the following approach 8 (36%), 6 (27%), and 8 (36%) from human intestine (stool), urine, and blood samples respectively. Virulence genes were detected by using specific PCR primers which include (iap, hly andinl A). The results indicated that four isolates of L. monocytogenes possessed (hly) gene, two from urine strains 2:6 (33%), one from stool 1:8 (13%) and one from blood 1:8 (13%). In addition to that, only three isolates of inlAgave positive amplification where1:8(13%) from stool 1:6(17) from urine and 1:8 (13%) from blood. Moreover, six strains gave positive amplification for japgene where 3:8(38%) from stool and 2:6 (25%) from urine,and one fromblood1:8(13%).

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ABSTRACT : The aim of this Study was to examine antimicrobial activity of the different concentrations us ( 1, 3 , 5 , 7 ) mg/ml from fresh juice Eucalyptus camaldolehsis against pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus.aureus .Atotal of 10 local isolated of S.aureus were selected from Laboratory of Biology department / college science / Baghdad university .The isolates was tested in microbiology laboratory in Almussiab Technical College to diagnostic and purified . The bioactivity of Eucalyptus leaves juice was tested by using agar diffusion method on Staphylococcus aureus . The result revealed that the 7 mg/ml concentrate of Eucalyptus Leaves juice had an effect on tested microorganism .Antimicrobial activity was present via inhibition zones. The results showed that diameter of inhibition zone was( 11)mm as compared with the control group .

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ABSTRACT : The current study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Iraqi natural honey against a number of pathogens of humans, as follows: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus, in addition to Candida albicans using the well diffusion method. Eight samples of natural honey were collected from several governorates for the period from February 2019 to September 2019. After the results showed that the honey samples were not contaminated with microbes as well as no fermentation and that density, viscosity, crystallization and pH came within the recommended international standard specifications, several concentrations of natural honey samples were performed, represented by concentrations (100%, 75%, 50% and 25%). The results revealed that the Iraqi natural honey possessing an antimicrobial activity under study, this efficacy act varies according to the sample, the microbe and the concentration, where the best was Sidr honey with an average diameter of the inhibition zone 35 (mm) followed by Caleptose honey (34 mm) followed by Sesame honey and Olive while the lowest effect was Pear honey, the concentration was 100%, the most effective, followed by the two concentrations 75% and 50% and the concentration 25%, it had no inhibiting activity towards all types of microbes studied.By comparison between the effectiveness of Iraqi honey and commonly used commercial antibiotics, it was found that the effect of honey exceeded that of commercial antibiotics used in the study

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ABSTRACT : The present study included 660 samples were collected from inside schools buildings. These samples represented 310 from primary schools and 350 from middle and secondary schools for the period from January / 2020 to March / 2021. The results of the current study showed that 530 fungi isolates were obtained included ( 280, 130, 120 ) isolates from the primary, secondary and middle school, respectively. The highest percentage was recorded in primary schools as it reached (52.80%), followed by secondary schools as the percentage was (24.53%), while in middle schools the percentage was ( 22.64%). The results showed that Aspergillus spp. recorded the highest percentage (23, 102.9, 20.68 ) in appearance, frequency and distribution density, respectively. While, the fungus Cladosporium spp, the proportion of appearance, frequency and density of distribution was less than the previous fungi, the ratios were (21, 18.96, 18.96), respectively. The Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium spp, recorded the highest rates, reaching 19% and 17% in the percentage of occurrence, respectively. Whereas, Alternaria alternate and Trichophyton spp recorded ( 11%, 9% ) respectively and Steril mycelium recorded 11% and this percentage surpassed yeast’s appearance rate of 8%.

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Abstract Present research work was carried out for detection and molecular characterization of Salmonella Typhi isolated from Blood plasma of person severing from Typhoid fever using biochemical test, and detection of virulence gene by using of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. A total of 12 clinical samples were collected from patients. The isolated strains were also investigated for antibiotic susceptibility patterns as a control measure. Microbiological and biochemical investigations revealed the presence of Salmonella typhi from 12 samples. PCR analysis confirmed these presence of fliC (Phage-1 flagellin gene), viaB (Vi antigen gene) and SipA genes. Antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out among the isolates against 12 antimicrobial agents. Results showed that 100 % resistance to only ampicillin and 100 % sensitivity to carbenicillin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, gentamycin, kanamycin, and tetracycline

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Abstract---The study was carried out to diagnose the fungi that attack the historical manuscripts in the holy shrine of the city of Karbala, as well as its enzymatic activity. (375) samples were taken using sterile cotton swabs for three locations of the manuscript, represented by the beginning, middle and end of the manuscript. The total number of isolates and isolated fungal species, the percentage of frequency (Frequency %), percentage of presence (Occurrence %), and the Distribution Intensity Index (DII) were calculated for each of the fungi isolated from the manuscripts. The fungi decomposing cellulose and protein and the enzyme amylase and lipid were also detected at the time of the manuscripts. For the purpose of knowing the effects of fungi and their damage to the manuscripts. Five genera of fungi were recorded in addition to yeasts and sterile fungal hyphae. The highest percentage of the total numbers of fungi isolated at the beginning of the manuscript was 40.54%, followed by the end of the manuscript with a rate of 34.66%, while the lowest percentage of the total numbers was for the middle of the manuscript, which was 24.32%. The results showed that the fungus Aspergillus niger had the highest incidence of 61% and the frequency of 29.33. It also had the highest density coefficient of distribution with a rate of 330.3. Then the fungus Aspergillus flavus with a percentage of 54%, a frequency of 26.13, and a distribution density coefficient of 276.2 , The fungus Penicillium verrucosum had a percentage of 52%, a

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Abstract---This study was conducted at the AL- Musayyib Technical College / Department of Biological-Control Techniques for the period from 1/10 /2021 to 15/3/2022. The study aimed to compare propolis extract and B. thuringiensis bacteria on the larvae of the major wax moth. The direct treatment of the larvae of the major wax moth and the food provided to them (natural wax) indicated that the organic extract (ethyl alcohol) of Propolis showed effectiveness in destroying the third larval age the major wax moth.The results showed that there were significant differences between the concentrations of the extract in the percentage killing percentages depending on the concentration and the duration of exposure, if the highest rate of the killing percentage in the concentration reached 3%, reaching 76.6% within a week of the treatment, while the lowest rate of killing at the concentration was 2%, as it reached 53.3% % during the first day of the transaction.Using different dilutions of the bacterial suspension of B. thuringiensis had a significant effect on the percentage of killings for the third larval age of the Great Waxworm after different exposure periods of the treatment. The interaction between the dilutions and the exposure time after the treatment showed

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Abstract---The study was carried out to diagnose the fungi that attack the historical manuscripts in the holy shrine of the city of Karbala, as well as its enzymatic activity. (375) samples were taken using sterile cotton swabs for three locations of the manuscript, represented by the beginning, middle and end of the manuscript. The total number of isolates and isolated fungal species, the percentage of frequency (Frequency %), percentage of presence (Occurrence %), and the Distribution Intensity Index (DII) were calculated for each of the fungi isolated from the manuscripts. The fungi decomposing cellulose and protein and the enzyme amylase and lipid were also detected at the time of the manuscripts. For the purpose of knowing the effects of fungi and their damage to the manuscripts. Five genera of fungi were recorded in addition to yeasts and sterile fungal hyphae. The highest percentage of the total numbers of fungi isolated at the beginning of the manuscript was 40.54%, followed by the end of the manuscript with a rate of 34.66%, while the lowest percentage of the total numbers was for the middle of the manuscript, which was 24.32%. The results showed that the fungus Aspergillus niger had the highest incidence of 61% and the frequency of 29.33. It also had the highest density coefficient of distribution with a rate of 330.3. Then the fungus Aspergillus flavus with a percentage of 54%, a frequency of 26.13, and a distribution density coefficient of 276.2 , The fungus Penicillium verrucosum had a percentage of 52%, a frequency of 25.06, and a density coefficient of .260.3, while Mucor got a presence of 11%, a frequency of 5.61 and a density coefficient of 26.3.

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Abstract The current study was conducted of 100 soil samples from different areas in Babil Governorate, investigation analysis for bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis. According to the results shown by the study, it was found that the method, which used an inhibitor of bacterial spores, which is sodium acetate, was more selective in isolating bacteria, as the number of samples that contained B. thuringiensis bacteria when using this method was 57 samples from the total samples that were examined. The concentration of water and alcoholic extracts of garlic plant had a significant effect on the destruction of the larvae of the Great Waxworm, as the concentration treatment (3000 mg/L1 ) significantly outperformed all the concentration treatments used in the research experiment and recorded the highest rate of ( 94.1, 94.9 and 79.9%) after 48, 76 hours and a week passed, respectively . The results of the current study indicated that the use of different concentrations of B. thuringiensis had a significant effect on the destruction of the larvae of the Great Waxworm, as the concentration treatment (10-2 g/ml-1) significantly outperformed all the concentration treatments used in the research experiment.

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Abstract This study was conducted in the entomology laboratory of the Department of Bio-control/AL- Musayyib Technical College and under laboratory conditions. To investigate the Biological activity of Bacillus thuringiensis and plant extracts against the wax worm Galleria mellonella . 110 soil samples were collected from different areas in Babylon governorate, and the presence of B. thuringiensis was investigated in the examined soil samples . As the number of samples that contained B. thuringiensis bacteria was 67 samples out of the total samples that were examined. The results of the current study revealed that alcoholic and aqueous extract of Oleander had a clear effect on the biological activity of the larval great wax worm . as the concentration ( 0.75 mg/L-1 ) significantly outperformed all the concentration used in the research experiment and recorded the highest rate of ( 74.9 % ). The results showed that alcoholic and aqueous extract of Conocarpus had a clear effect on the biological activity of the larval great wax worm. The concentration ( 0.75 mg/L-1 ) revealed high average by Effect on the mortality of the larval great wax worm was ( 73.3 % ) . When using different concentrations of the B. thuringiensis and testing its effectiveness on the larval great wax worm . The concentration ( 10-2 )showed high average by Effect of using bacterial concentrations on the mortality of the larvae of the great wax worm was ( 76.7 % )

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Abstract. This study was conducted at the AL- Musayyib Technical College / Department of Biological-Control Techniques for the period from 1/10 /2021 to 1/4 /2022. The study aimed the effectiveness of essential oils (anise, clove)solution in controlling Varroa mites (Varroa destructor) on honey bees Apis mellifera. The results indicatd that there are significant differences between all treatments of the essential oil solution (cloves, anise) and the treatment of its Varroa mites in comparison with the control treatment and the natural shedding of Varroa mites after (24, 48) hours of treatment, except for the treatment of cloves and anise at concentration (10). mg/ml, where there were no significant differences between them in the average mortality of Varroa mites. The results also showed in table (1) that there were no significant differences between the treatments of the solution (cloves, anise) in all concentrations in the time periods after (72, 96, 144) hours of treatment.It also showed that there were no significant differences between the treatments of cloves and anise at a concentration of (10) mg/ml after (48) hours of treatment. The results showed that there are significant differences between the treatments of cloves and anise at the concentration (40) mg/ml and the control treatment in the average mortality of field honey bee workers.The treatment of the essential oil solution of cloves with a concentration of (10) mg/ml achieved the lowest average death rate for the workers, which amounted to (2.42) after (15) hours of treatment, while the treatment of the essential oil solution of cloves at a concentration of (40) mg/ml gave the highest average death. It reached (6.58) after (15) hours of treatment, but it differs significantly with all transactions in Table (2) after 15 hours of treatment. The results revealed showed that there were no significant differences between the two treatments (cloves and anise) in the concentrations (10, 20) mg/ml after (15) hours of treatment in the average mortality of worker bees. Through the results of the statistical analysis in Table (2), it was found that there were no significant differences between all treatments (cloves, aniseed) and the control treatment in the average death of workers in the time period after (40,64) hours of treatment. The results show that a solution of essential oils with concentration (40)mg/ml has a small effect on the worker bees compared to the great effect on Varroa.

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The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant effects of polysaccharide (PS) isolated from Balangu Shirazi (Lallemantia royleana) seeds in vitro as well as on the hypercholesterolemic diet-induced liver and kidney injury in adult rats. PS was structurally characterized by Fourier-transformed infrared, which confirmed the presence of bands characteristic of polysaccharides. Functional properties of PS were investigated based on water solubility index, holding and emulsifying capacities. The antioxidant activities were confirmed by DPPH radical scavenging assays, reducing power and the chelating effect assay. The administration of PS to a hypercholesterolemic diet for 30 days in Wistar rats significantly improved the liver and kidney levels in malondialdehyde, advanced oxidation protein products, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and in vitamin C. The oxidative stress profile was confirmed by hematological and plasma biochemical parameters. In addition, histological alterations were significantly ameliorated in liver and kidney tissues. The study strengthens the hypothesis that the algal polysaccharide can be used as a novel antioxidant and hypocholesterolemic compound against hyperlipidemia-induced atherosclerosis

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Abstract Results of injection inside peritoneal cavity are revealed with 0.1 ml of fibronectin binding protein extracted from the cellular wall of Staphylococcus aureus for 20 laboratory mice , obvious pathological effects on liver enzymes (GOT , GPT ). After diagnostic tests had done , we get 40 strain of Staphylococcus aureus , wherease fibronectin binding protein extracted from cellular wall of bacteria via sonicator system . Purification and protein classification by gel filtration and electrophoresis methods had been competed . Laboratory mice injected with 0.1 ml protein . after 3-4 weaks , blood sample had taken and plasma separated by centrifuge , test done to know effect of protein on above enzyme activity. Results showed that fibronectin binding protein caused meaning increasing, its value was (p> 0.05) in GOT enzyme level reached (175.286 U/L) in compare with control group which was (150.782 U / L) . Also meaning increasing (p> 0.05 ) in GPT enzyme which appeared after treatment with fibronectin binding protein which reached to (69.412 U/L) incompare with control group which was (50.18 U / L ) . In conclusion fibronectin binding protein ( FnBp ) was more effective on liver functions during meaning increasing which was caused by this protein on both enzymes ( GOT , GPT )

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Abstract The aim of this work was to examine the antimicrobial activity of the fresh cabbage juice after squeezing and keeping it in a refrigerator. selected of 10 isolated from Escherichia coli , after isolated and purification in higher studying laboratory in Almussiab technical college . tested of bioactivity of olive leafs juice by use agar diffusion method on E. coli . The result revealed that the Concentration of fresh cabbage juice had an effect on E.coli isolates .antimicrobial activity was present via inhibition zones.The results showed that the inhibition zone was (12 mm)compared with control group .

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Abstract This study was conducted in the price the settingfrom 1/7/2015 to 1/11/2015. Patients were selected randomly from the clinics and private sector in Alexandria and some other areas in the province of Babylon, for patients suffering from symptoms of suspected typhoid fever.As it was collected 106 samples of blood, urine and feces of people suffering from symptoms of typhoid fever , as these samples consisted of 42 sample of blood and 32 of urine and 32 feces sample. The results showed that 30 medical condition of these samples were infected typhoid fever among patients who expect that they are infected with this fever who were randomized according to the clinical symptoms of these patients and for all ages , male and female . The study revealed that 20 condition from among the total number of patients given positive widal test , while ten other cases gave a negative result of this test , with the highest antibody titer in the examination widal is 1/320 compared with negative control 1/20 . Through the results that have been reached infections were 60% for females , while the males reached 40% . The 45% of these cases among patients aged between 15-35 years . 23% for those aged between 10-15 years. While the rate of 12% represents the average age of 35-50 . The age range of the study group between 55-60 years has been the proportion of people living with the ratio of 20%. The results of the study showed that most of the samples that have been culture were negative result , as the percentage dishes , does not appear was(85%) of the total samples that have been cultured . While the samples which gave a positive result for Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphiwas the ratio of (15%) . Either in the examination widal were more isolates indicate the existence of two types of bacteria in the serum of an infected person with typhoid fever. Key word : Salmonella ,Widal , Typhoid . Enteric fever .

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Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities and the in vivo wound healing performance of a polysaccharide isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra named PSG. It was structurally characterized by Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, which confirmed the presence of different polysaccharides functional bands. The antioxidant capacity of PSG was determined in vitro and evaluated in vivo through the examination of wound healing capacity. Thirty two rats were randomly divided into four groups: group I was treated with physiological serum (negative control); group II was treated with “CYTOL CENTELLA®”; group III was treated with glycerol and group IV was treated with polysaccharide. The response to treatments was assessed by macroscopic, histologic, and biochemical parameters. Data revealed that our sample exhibited potential antioxidant activities and accelerated significantly the wound healing process, after ten days of treatment, proved by the higher wound appearance scores and a higher content of collagen confirmed by histological examination, when compared with control and “CYTOL CENTELLA®”. Overall, these findings proved that this polysaccharide isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra could be considered as a natural bioactive polymer for therapeutic process in wound healing applications

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Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities and the in vivo wound healing performance of a polysaccharide isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra named PSG. It was structurally characterized by Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, which confirmed the presence of different polysaccharides functional bands. The antioxidant capacity of PSG was determined in vitro and evaluated in vivo through the examination of wound healing capacity. Thirty two rats were randomly divided into four groups: group I was treated with physiological serum (negative control); group II was treated with “CYTOL CENTELLA®”; group III was treated with glycerol and group IV was treated with polysaccharide. The response to treatments was assessed by macroscopic, histologic, and biochemical parameters. Data revealed that our sample exhibited potential antioxidant activities and accelerated significantly the wound healing process, after ten days of treatment, proved by the higher wound appearance scores and a higher content of collagen confirmed by histological examination, when compared with control and “CYTOL CENTELLA®”. Overall, these findings proved that this polysaccharide isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra could be considered as a natural bioactive polymer for therapeutic process in wound healing applications