ملخص البحث :

In this research, the time series were analysed for four gauges (Mosul, Baghdad, Kut, and Husayabah) using autoregressive (AR) models with constant and periodic autoregressive coefficients. It was found that the best model for Mosul, Baghdad, and Husaybah gauges is AR (2) with periodic autoregressive coefficients, while the best model for the Kut gauge was AR (2) with constant autoregressive coefficients. The test was also suggested to determine the most appropriate model based on the values of autocorrelation of residuals (independent normal variable) and it was compared with the drawings of correlograms of autocorrelation of residuals rk(ξ) and with two tests: the AIC test and the portmanteau lack test. It was concluded that the suggested test was more accurate and more reliable

ملخص البحث :

This research aims to find a suitable transportation rate formula for bed load. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a flume for monitoring and measuring the transportation of sediment particles (bed load) which move by jumping, rolling, or sliding within the flume. This study included two parts. The first part is experimenting using a flume and tracking the particles' movement by analysing the images taken by the camera. The measurements that have been taken are the amount of accumulated bed load particles at the end of the flume, which are distributed along a certain distance during a specific time, thus obtaining measuring data about the amount of accumulated bed load and values of moving distance and the required time for accumulating the particles at the flume end. The accumulated height of bed load is also measured. These experiments were conducted at different low-flow velocities. The second part includes the expression of a formula for bed load transportation rate, which is the product of multiplying the accumulated height of bed load by the velocity of bed load particles with distance at a certain time that was devised in the first part. Through the proposed method of obtaining the measurements in the first part Analysis of bed load particle velocity was done by using (π-theorem) from the results of experiments (Cv, V, ρ, ρS, µ, ds, L). To derive the formula of accumulated bed load height at flume end along a certain distance using Rayleigh’s method and using the results of the experiment (δ, V, g, ds). Finally, there can be found an expression of the bed load transportation rate formula. Checking was made for this formula, which was compared with other researchers' equations using statically measured. It was found that the derived formula was acceptable to calculate the transportation rate of bed load.

ملخص البحث :

One use of technology in agriculture involves setting up a reserving sheet for subsurface moisture under the root zone of wheat crops, which is symbolized by SWRT, to conserve the water in the root zone. This reduces the field water losses by raising the efficiency of water use (WUE) and economical water productivity (EWP). For this study, an SWRT membrane sheet was put under the root zone of wheat crops throughout the growing season, from the winter of November 2019 to the end of the season in April 2020, in a free field. The study was conducted on a private farm located in the province of Babylon in Sadat Al-Hindya Town, which is approximately 70 km from the capital (Baghdad). Surface irrigation was utilized for the irrigation of the wheat crops. Two methods were used: method A1 utilized the SWRT sheet and method A2 was conducted without the SWRT sheet. The irrigation water supply, irrigation period, and soil water content before and after irrigation were computed and recorded every day for the A1 and A2 methods. The values of wheat crop production (yield), water use efficiency, and economical water productivity from the two plots were computed and compared. The results obtained for water use efficiency for the two methods, A1 and A2, were 0.51 and 0.47 kg/m3, respectively. The increment in yield of plot A1 compared with plot A2 was 6.45%. The increment in WUE of plot A1 compared with plot A2 was 8.55%. In addition, the WP of the wheat crop for plots A1 and A2 were 144.44 and 119.16 ID/m3, respectively, while the increment in WP of plot A1 compared with plot A2 was 21.21%. The findings show that the SWRT method prevents the environmental effects of pesticide and fertilizers that enter the groundwater and pollute it. This technology assists in saving water and plant nutrients, and prevents pollution of the groundwater from pesticides and excess fertiliser.

ملخص البحث :

The surface irrigation model with mathematical expression in stream flow was applied in a border irrigation system for an agricultural area in Al-Mussaib city north of the Babylon governorate in central of Iraq in which divided into basins of different dimensions. This study aims to select the optimum area for basins (dimensions) and their relationship into soil type to show the ability of fully submerged basins in standard time with high irrigation efficiency and uniform distribution along the border. The improvement of field irrigation efficiency was done by studying the relationship between soil type, flow rate, slope, and basin area. Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing were used to analyze satellite imagery, identify the topography and inclinations of the area, as well as the possibility of classifying the soil by collecting field data for the study area and measuring the discharge on-site with calculation of irrigation efficiency, distribution efficiency, uniformity, progression and infiltration time. After analyzing the results and graphically, it was concluded for the case of providing a large basin of silty soil with high discharge, the infiltration time is long with increase in losses, the value of irrigation efficiency was 63%. For small basins with dimensions (20 * 120) m and flow rate, 0.04 m 3 / s, the irrigation efficiency was approximately 77% due to the convergence and parallelization of the infiltration time with advance time of irrigation, which requires making the land basin small. According to the results, when the soil type is clay, the results showed that basin can be small or large with making leveling of the land in a slope of not more than 3%, but when the soil is silty, the basin designed in small dimensions to obtain highest uniformity and minimum time required.

ملخص البحث :

Soil moisture content is one of the basic parameters required to study the strategy of sustainable water management within urban and rural uses. Wadi Al-Nafat region was chosen as a study site within a total area of 8,820 km2 , which is located in the northeast of Diyala province in the country of Iraq. The net area of the main catchment planning was 4926 km2 or about 56% of the total study area. The main catchment area was divided into 83 sub - catchments for the purpose of completing the application of the GIS technique and SWAT model. They were used to calculate the soil moisture content based on input data represented by the digital model of the elevation levels, meteorological data, uses of land and soil at the study site with the application of the SCS-CN mathematical model, and then determined water losses associated with average Annual Curve Number 73 during the period 2010 to 2016.The results of SWAT simulation showed that the annual rate of soil moisture content is 41.26 mm comparing with the 46.74 mm from field works during the same period with a difference of about 11%. The study also explained the efficient use of SWAT model and GIS technique in predicting the soil moisture content values and compares them with field results. It is noted that the correlation coefficient between soil moisture content measured by field works and soil moisture content calculated according to SWAT model simulation is 97%. Study results are encouraging the use of these techniques in areas lacking hydrologic and topographic parameters and thereby reduce the need for human and economic sources.

ملخص البحث :

moving of sediment in channels. This research aims to evaluate sediment movement by using this parameters as a determinant, and to find the appropriate equation to explain this effect in calculating of sediment discharge in irrigation and drainage channels in Iraq. The field and the laboratory works have been achieved within a period of 12 months from March 2015 to March 2016 due to cover the seasonal variability of the data. The results shows that the soil texture is silty sand with a small rate of clay and specific gravity value of soil samples ranged between 2.66-2.73. Moreover, the study found that the Shields parameter values (θ) for the movement are larger than the critical values (θcr) in all channels, also; the transmission of sediment is located along the channels. Two logarithmic equations have been developed to estimate discharge of sediment by using the Shields parameter. The correlation coefficients is 0.93 for the flow in irrigation channels and 0.61 in drainage channel. This indicated that there is a high correlation level between shields parameter and the movement of sediment in irrigation channels. While there is a slightly low level of correlation in the drainage channels. This mirrors the need to develop a periodic program for maintenance of those channels and to maintain hydraulic flow specifications

ملخص البحث :

Changing in universal climate will cause a major effect on hydrological systems which will has a direct impact on ecological, economic and social systems. Climate change will be varied from location to another in the globe, therefore a specific site models are important to determine the impact on the aimed region. In this study the impacts of climate change been analyzed on the Matapedia River watershed located in Quebec, Canada; by developing a hydrological process based model to simulate the current and future river flows and the region precipitation. Matapedia hydrological model used Canadian Regional Circulation Model (CRCM) climate data to simulate future scenario of the watershed. Delta method been used for downscaling and Quantile-Quantile method used to correct the model results distributions. Then used corrected data for the hydrological model for the stream flow records between (1982-2001) to forecast stream flow, precipitations and other climate parameters such as temperature (max, min), wind and humidity. Results shows flow increased in future flow simulation even though extreme flood discharges by some means decreased in study area during winter and spring months due to an increased in maximum and minimum temperature about (2.65oC to 3.02oC) respectively during (2011-2100) period. Also an increase in precipitation in the future about (1.038) in study area headed to make the flood event of 100 and 1000 year return period more extreme.