ملخص البحث :
Summary:
Laboratory and field studies were conducted for the seasons 2018/2019,
2019/2020 and 2020/2021. These studies included a field survey to
determine infestation rates, setting up of traps, and the sensitivity of some
palm varieties to the infestation of the B. amydraula M. The study also
determines the insect emergence date of the insect and its population
density based on temperature and humidity Relative and aggregative
temperature. Morphological and molecular classification of B.amydraula
M. adults was also conducted. A chemical analysis of immature date
fruits and some date types was carried out too. Integrated management
factors were used to control the insect with the aim of reducing its
presence on date palm trees.
The insect was diagnosed on the basis of the appearance qualities of
the whole and the role of virgin, progressive and egg
Regarding the molecular diagnosis using the PCR and DNA sequences
technology of the Batrachedra amydraula M. insect, the genetic
sequences in the nitrogenous bases seires of the samples of the study in
the central and southern Iraq regions showed a high degree of congruence
reaching up to 99%; therefore, it was widely adopted in the the study and
that the COXI gene is a confirmed evidence for the diagnosis of the genus
B.amydraula. On analyzing the phylogenetic tree of the type of insect
B.amydraula for the study samples, and by using the program (MEGAG)
and analyzing the tree of the type UPGMA tree, it was found that there
was a clear match for the type of insect from the samples taken from the
study areas (Basra, Maysan, Dhi Qar and Babil) with the species recorded
in the NCBI Genbank. The isolates of the insect species B.amydraula
MDA was recorded in the name of Iraq, the first time to be recorded in
Iraq and the region.
The study indicated the efficiency of Jackson Trap (JT) pheromone traps
in attracting B. amydraula M adults since they contain specialized
pheromone compounds, while local traps were far less good in attracting
the B. amydraula M and were efficient to medium efficient in attracting
other insects.170
The study recorded the first appearance of adult insects at the beginning
of the second week of March in all the governorates of Basrah, Maysan,
Dhi Qar and Babil, having a population density of (2.80, 0.6, 0.6, 2.80)
insects / inch2, respectively, at average temperature of (14.26, 16.41, 9.17,
15.20) ºC, respectively, and average humidity (49.86, 58.43, 48.55,
51.67%) .
The study showed that the insect has three overlapping generations during
a year, starting from the beginning of March to the beginning of March of
the next season. The duration of the first and second generation was one
month each, while as the period of the third generation extends
approximately to nine months. Furthermore, The insect has three peaks in
which the insect population density increases significantly. In Basra, the
increase reached its peak at the beginning of the second week of April
and during the second week of May and June, with a population density
of (7.71, 7.39 and 6.88) insects/inch2, respectively, and a aggregate
temperature of (445.20, 665.52 and 814.65) thermal units, respectively. In
Maysan, the highest numerical density for the presence of B. amydraula
M. adults during the season was during the second week of April and the
second week of May and during the first week of June. The numerical
density reached (5.33, 5.85, 4.87) insects /inch2 and at an aggregate
temperature of ( 265.44, 299.76 and 504.72) thermal unit.
Three insect peaks were also recorded in Dhi Qar at the beginning of the
second week of April and during the second week of May and during the
third week of June, with a densities of (4.20, 4.32 and 3.88) insects/ inch2
and at an aggregate temperature of (213.84, 330.08 and 499.92) units.
Thermal. In Babil, the seasonal presence of the insect reached its peak at
the end of the first week of April and the second week of May and during
the third week of June with a population density of (6.71, 6.40 and 6.60)171
insects/inch2 and an aggregate temperature of (358.08, 418.56 and 586).
08) thermal unit, respectively.
The study found that the nature of the infection and damage occurs
through the feeding of the insect larvae on immature fruits (Hababuk,
Jamri and Khalal), where the first generation larvae enter the fruit from
under the three carpels at the fruit neck, where they feed on the contents
of the inner fruit and its juice, turning the fruit into red color and causing
dryness of the fruit. Also, the fruit color turns into a dark brown color. It
can be seen either hanging by silk threads made by the larva or falling to
the ground. One larva may need one to four fruits to complete its growth
and development. The second and third generation larvae enter the fruit
near the funnel, feeding on its internal contents. Infected fruits start to fall
and infection can be known through the holes in the fruit, usually one
hole in the fruit.
The study showed that infections with the B.amydraula M includes all
areas planted with palm trees, and rates of infection ranges between
medium and severe, especially in dense orchards, according to prevailing
environmental conditions. The infection is weak and it mostly takes place
in orchards already infested with Ommatissus lybicus Bergevin, or
isolated orchards where chemical pesticides are constanly used. The
Governorate of Basra’s Abu Al-Khasib District recorded a severe
infection rate of the total infection amounted to 67.00%, while as the
lowest average infection was in the orchards of Nasiriyah, Dhi Qar
governorate, with a total infection rate of 39.50%. The lowest percentage
of infection was recorded in Babil Governorate’s Al-Madhitiyah District
at a rate of 17.66%; here, the infection is considered weak.172
The study provided a clear indication that all date varieties were infected
with B. amydraula M in varying proportions. Al-Zahdi dates had the
highest infection amounting to 58.71%, while the Al-Halawi type was the
lowest infected, which amounted to 39.97%. .
The natural feeding, optimum temperature, and appropriate relative
humidity contributed to the natural growth of all larvae of different ages
until the pupal phase, while growth and development of larvae fed on
artificial food was not completed due to deformation and death before
reaching the period of growth completion and did not reach the pupal
phase.
The study found that the Pearson linear correlation coefficient (rp)
between the infection and the presence of phenolic compounds in the
immature date fruits for each of the compound phenols, proline, phenols
and tannins ranged between the weak inverse correlation to the medium
inverse correlation for each of tannins, flavonoids, proline and phenols,
which amounted to -0.17 , -0.24, -0.28, -0.61) respectively..
The study pointed out to the efficiency of integrated management factors
in controlling the B.amydraula M in general. This control contributed to
reducing the total infection rates below the level of economic damage,
whether a factor was used alone or through the synergy process between
two of these factors after a week of treatment. chemical and biological
control agents caused a decrease in the percentage of total infection after
a week of treatment at a rate of (13.08) compared to the percentage of
total infection before treatment, rating (46.66%). On the other hand, other
control factors such as AgNPs, Al-Systin, the bacterial preparation Bt.,
bacterial filtrate Pesudomonas fluorescens, the fungal filtrate B.bassina,
the fungal filtrate T.viride and the egg parasite T.evansecns contributed173
significantly in reducing the total infection rates at a rate of (3.87, 4.13,
7.20, 6.00, 17.30, 10.92, 1.70) %, respectively.
In regard with the overlap coefficients between the factors of integrated
management, the overlap between the AgNPs with cysteine (ALS.) and
AgNPs with Tv showed a significant superiority in reducing the total
infection rates at a rate of (0.00 and 0.00)%, respectively, while the
overlap coefficient Pf and T.v. were among the lowest coefficients in the
total infection rates after treatment at a rate of (16.80%).
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سنة النشر : 2022
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تصنيف البحث : theses
- تحميل
