ملخص البحث :

Flood forecasting and management are one of the most important strategies necessary for water resource and decision planners in combating flood problems. The Muskingum model is one of the most popular and widely used applications for the purpose of predicting flood routing. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) methodology was used to estimate the coefficients of the nonlinear Muskingum model in this study, comparing the results with the methods of genetic algorithm (GA), harmony search (HS), leastsquares method (LSM), and Hook-Jeeves (HJ). The average monthly inflow for the Tigris River upstream at the Al-Mosul dam was selected as a case study for estimating the Muskingum model's parameters. The analytical and statistical results showed that the PSO method is the best application and corresponds to the results of the Muskingum model, followed by the genetic algorithm method, according to the following general descending sequence: PSO, GA, LSM, HJ, HS. The PSO method is characterized by its accurate results and does not require many assumptions and conditions for its application, which facilitates its use a lot in the subject of hydrology. Therefore, it is better to recommend further research in the use of this method in the implementation of future studies and applications.

ملخص البحث :

Abstract. In this study, four types of flood routing approaches were studied which give significantly varied results represented by the differences between computed and observed flows and also differ considerably on the friction coefficient and bed slope of the channels. First two approaches use a hydraulic solution to solve the equations of unsteady flow, while the third approach uses the hydrological solution, and the fourth algorithm solves Muskingum approach with seven parameters. All these approaches were run with the same input parameters, the results were compared and tested with four Error Measurement Indices, Sum of Squared Deviations, Error of Peak Discharge, Variance Index, and agreement index. Diyala River was selected for this application. Dynamic wave method gave accurate results, followed by the characteristic method, and then the linear Muskingum-Cunge method, but Symbiotic Organisms Search Algorithm not gave any senses due to change in roughness or bed slope and gave very identical values with recorded outflow in all conditions, which means that the hydraulic solution is better compared to the hydrological solution. The results also showed that the difference between the calculated and observed flows diminished with a decrease in the coefficient of friction and an increase in the bed slope channel

ملخص البحث :

Abstract In this study, a new multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework was designed and adopted for assessing the sustainability of solid waste treatment techniques (six treatment techniques) in urban areas of Baghdad (the capital of Iraq). A questionnaire has been developed that contains the four dimensions of sustainability (environmental, economic, social, and technical) and their indicators. These indicators have been studied, analyzed, and evaluated by a group of specialists working on solid waste management. Then the data were modelled adopting the weighted sum model (WSM), weighted product model (WPM) and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). The main results of the study clearly showed that the sustainability of municipal solid waste treatment in the city of Baghdad is directly related to the four dimensions in variable proportions (weights), and the environmental dimension gained the largest impact (46.9%) while the technical dimension gained the least impact (16.1%) on sustainability. By analyzing the questionnaire data according to the designed framework with reference to the three methods of MCDA (WSM, WPM, and TOPSIS) and in the presence of three Scenarios of the multi-criteria weights, Recycling by Source-Separation (RSS) Technique gained the highest score (0.896) which means that it is the best alternative, while Anaerobic Digestion Technique (AD) gained the lowest score (0.397) which means that it is the worst alternative, other scores are (0.874) for material recycling facility (MRF) Technique, (0.84) for Landfll Technique, (0.813) for Composting Technique, and (0.584) for mass-burn incineration (MBI) Technique