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Abstract:Objective: Assessment of health problems and identify demographical information to elderly. Methodolo-gy: it is a descriptive study, data were collected by the researchers depended on the direct interview with the elderly by using the study instrument (questionnaire) as well as review the records of the geriatric.Results: The majority of study sample (66%) were males and (24.3%) were within age group (70-74) years,(44.7%) were widows, and (41.7%) did not read and write. This study applied the international classifi-cation of diseases (short-table) in (11) items, which stated that most of the elderly were complaining from health problems: debility of hearing (80.65%), eczema or allergies (69.35%), debility of vision (66.92%), difficul-ty breathing (65.56%), loss of teeth (56.7%), chronic arthritis (54.55%), chronic headache (51.75%), anemia (51.56%), chronic constipation (46.36%), heart failure (30.43%), and retention of urine (30.19%).Recommendations: There must be a doctor with diseases of ageing presented at Nursing home and nursing staff commensurate with the number of elderly.

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Abstract:Study and determine psychological and social status and identify demographic characteristics to elderly.It is a cross sectional descriptive study. The study carried out during the period from 15th November to 25th December/2011. data were collected by the researcher depended on the direct interview with the elderly by using the study instrument (questionnaire) . The study sample was (103), (68) males and (35) females.Indicated that the majority of study sample (66%) were males and the rest were females and (24.3%) were within age group (70-74) years, (44.7%) widows, and (41.7%) did not read and write. Either regarding to psychological and social status: (98%) remembered old events, (95.1%) loneliness, (94.1%) extreme sadness, (86.4%) the burden on the family as well as neglected and not to be loved by family members, (85.4%) frustration, (80.6%) anger, (76.7%) nervous and instable, (64.1%) decrease in financial resources, (60.2%) missing the friends, and (56.3%) amnesia.There must be a psychologist and social specialist resident in home, as well as encouraging the media to shed light on the issues of ageing populations and community awareness.

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Abstract: Waterpipe (WP) smoking is on the rise and become a popular social event among college students. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes of a sample of Iraqi male college WP smoker students regarding this habit. A cross-sectional study was conducted during November and December 2014 and comprised (150) male students at the College of Medical and Health Technology with the habit of WP smoking , they were subjected to self – structured questionnaire and then the responses were statistically analyzed by using tests of frequencies , percentages and percent score .The results revealed that 58.7% of water-pipe smokers in the age group (20-24) year, and only 2% had no smokers among close family members, ,42.7% among close friends Most of them (97.3%) prefer the flavored tobacco,58% smoke at cafes, (76%) smoke to relieve tension. The knowledge responses were not satisfactory regarding health risks except for the causation of cardio-vascular disease (percent score = 85%) , it is more harmful than cigarette smoking and causing infective hepatitis with (percent score = 81%) for each also they stated positive attitudes towards it is not a sign of modernization (percent score= 87%), they are confident enough to quit smoking (percent score = 88%) and negative attitudes that it is cheaper than cigarette smoking (percent score= 80%) . The participants in general displayed relatively un satisfactory knowledge and attitudes regarding shisha smoking.

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AbstractA cross-sectional study was made with sample size (335) students (168) male and(167) female from college of health and medical Technology/ Baghdad during periodfrom (15 November 2014 to15 March 2015) to evaluate the knowledge of the studentsabout pulmonary tuberculosis. The study included all stages and departments of thecollege, using a questionnaire format including (stage, department, sex and age for thestudent) and other questions about the disease. This study found that students in(fourth, third and second) stages have good information about causative agent of TBand have percentages in arrangement (30.1%, 22.1%, 23.9%). This study show thesmoking is have the highest percentage among other risk factors which cause TB(84.5%).

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Abstract: The present study aims to assessment vaccination status of reproductive women aged (15-45) years concerning tetanus toxoid in Al- Shatrah primary health care center& find out any association between demographic characteristics and vaccination status of women. A descriptive cross- sectional study design was carried out on 150 women aged 15-45 years, was conducted by direct interview using of special questionnaire format in primary health care centers in Al- Shatrha district through the period from Nov. 2013 to Jan. 2014.The format included (residence, education level of both women& her husband, income, family size& availability of vaccination centers etc. The results revealed that,( 24%) of women were not vaccinated ,while (73.3%) of study sample was vaccinated, with significant association at P≤o.o5 was marital status, educational level of husband& occupation of women with immunization coverage of tetanus toxoid. Non-significant association P value≥0.05 of (age of women, residence, education level of women & occupation of husbands) with immunization status. The study recommend that increase awareness and instruction regarding timely completion of immunization according to schedule should be stressed by health care provider. Keywords: vaccination status, reproductive women, tetanus toxoid.

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Abstract:This research on the impact of female infertility due to the parasite Toxoplasma Gondi infection on defended stage of disease and level of the thyroid hormones during the year 2014-2015 in the holy city of Karbala, where the study took 120 women suffering from infertility them 60 samples were positive to infected T . gondii parasite and 60 of infertile women non infected by parasite , collected the serum from all the samples and then examined in the laboratories of the Medical city of Karbala on injury parasite at various stages of the disease to the level of antibodies is different from (immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M) and then were examined thyroid hormone levels the hormone (thyroxine , triiodothyronine, and stimulation thyroid hormone) to them. The study showed that there is a relationship between antibodies to the parasite Toxoplasma in various stages of injury and age, where the distribution of antibodies to Toxoplasma serology positive in the relationship between age significantly in both cases that carry Toxoplasma IgM (severe cases) compared with IgG (chronic) in the level of the probability (P> 0.05) moral value of (0.028, 0.019) also did not find a significant difference in other infections parasite carryover the results also showed that there are no relationship between thyroid hormone levels of thyroid with different age in the study groups, but nevertheless we see that there are relevant differences statistically significant differences in the level of a hormone (T3 (T4, TSH, and the level of antibodies moral value of (0.043, 0.036, 0.028), respectively, below the level of probability (P> 0.05) when a chronic condition at a high level of immune globulin IgG Toxoplasma and the level of thyroid and low hormone in the control group. so were the recommendations to verify the level of hormones thyroid patients living with severe antibodies to Toxoplasma parasite to avoid the causes of the damage from the impact of the parasite in the body of patients.

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Background: Infertility is considered one of the most important marital problems which may lead to separation between spouses, especiallyin male societies either by the request of the wife or negatively effect on the man’s psyche, and in this case, the man initiates to terminate themarried life, away from the painful situation he suffers. Objective: This cross‑sectional descriptive study aims to identify the infertile men’spersonal‑demographic characteristics, in addition to determine the psychosocial status and spiritual beliefs. Materials and Methods: Thestudy consists of 150 patients selected randomly from the fertility center and infertility treatment/Kamal Al‑Samurai hospital in Baghdadcity, the data were collected by direct interview with those patients by using a questionnaire. Results: Most of the infertile men were at agegroup (20–30) years, duration of marriage (1–5 years), had primary infertility. As overall assessment, the study stated that the majority ofthe sample was in fair psychological condition, good social condition, and spiritual beliefs in good condition. In addition, the results showthat no significant difference between some personal‑demographical characteristics (age husband, duration of marriage, type of infertility,husband occupation, residential area, degree of relationship, smoking habit, take of medicines, chronic diseases, and erectile dysfunction) withpsychological and social status. Conclusions: The problem of infertility is one of the most difficult problems facing newly married couplesthat cause negative psychological and social effects.

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Abstract:Background: child mortality is a critical measure of the wellbeing of children and a good proxy indicator of theoverall level of development. Many studies showed a substantial increase in childhood mortality in Iraq duringthe last decade of 20th century as a direct effect of sanctions imposed and the effect of war conflicts. Aims: todescribe the associated factors of child mortality during the year 2016 in the Karbala district. Study design: thestudy is a retrospective descriptive study, sample study is convenience sample consist of (394) a death case.Setting: the study was conducted in office of births and deaths and children's educational hospital - statistics unit/ Karbala health directorate. Period: the data collection was carried out from 15th October to 15th November,2017. Results: the results indicated that most of the study sample were at the age group (less than month), males,causes of death (septicemia, birth defect, neurological diseases, heart disease), months year (January, December,February). Conclusions: the findings show that highly significant difference between causes of death and agegroups, but the relationships with gender variable was accounted with no significant difference.Recommendations: the most important recommendation of the study is to establish a real policy by theinstitutions, health centers and hospitals in the period of birth to be preventive and therapeutic and the main goalis to reduce premature deaths that can be avoided by intensive care.

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Background: Antibiotics are compounds that produce by microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) that inhibitory action on the growth of other microorganisms. Irrational antibiotic use has led society to antibiotic resistance a serious health problem worldwide. 23000 deaths per year from antibiotic resistant bacteria and seventeen common disease-causing bacteria have antibiotic resistant versions nevertheless only few studies had conducted in Iraq on this subject.Objective: The aim of this study was to assess knowledge and attitude toward antibiotics use for educational-staff in the Technical Institute of Karbala.Objects and Method: Across sectional survey study using with an interviewer administered questionnaire. Data collected from a random sample of 200 educational - staff in the Technical Institute of Karbala, regarding their knowledge and attitude about the effectiveness of resistance toward and self-medications of antibiotics. Statistical analysis done by using Chi-Square (χ2) test.Result: In total of all participants, those completed the questionnaire, more than half of the respondents (59%) had adequate knowledge and (67%) had good attitude level of antibiotics. There was no significant difference between genders, marital status and occupation of participant’s with knowledge level while there was relation with age groups, certificate and specialty of study sample. For attitude level, there was no significant difference between genders, age groups, marital status, certificate and specialty of study sample with attitude level; on the other hand, there was a significant difference with occupation.Conclusion: In spite of good knowledge level as in general, but there was lacks aware in self-medication with antibiotics that’s consider a serious problem requires considerable attention to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance.Recommendation: It is very necessary to understanding how to use the antibiotic because personal decisions based on these understandings that lead to decrease the resistance of bacteria to antibiotic.

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ABSTRACTObjectives: To determine the knowledge among osteoporosis for female students and identify the associationbetween overall assessment knowledge osteoporosis with demographic characteristics among femalestudents. The study design a quantitative research by a descriptive study, the sampling it is non-Probability“purposive” sample was conducted on 200 Female Students among Osteoporosis Knowledge at Institutes inAl-Furat of Middle for the period from February 7, 2018 to March 16, 2018. A questionnaire it has used as atool of data collection to fulfill the study, which consist of three parts, include demographic characteristics,medical history, and the health Protective behaviors. A content validity, which is carried out through 13panel of experts. A panel of experts determines validity, while reliability use split half. A descriptive andinferential statistics are used to analyze the data. Results: Findings stated that the higher percentage were(68%) at age group (18-20) years, (91.5%) from urban areas, (74.5%) singles, and relative to source ofinformation (48.5%) had more than source, followed by (23.5%) internet and social networking web. Alsomajority of those students (54%) were in fair level knowledge about osteoporosis disease, followed by(46%) had a good level of knowledge.

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AbstractBackground: Renal failure occur when the kidneys are unable to bring out the body's metabolic wastes or proceedtheir regulatory assignment. Objective The study was designed to compere some biochemical and hematologicalparameters in patents with renal failure and control group. Patients and materials: A case-control study wasconducted from September 2018 t0 April 2019 on patients attending the artificial Kidney Unit in Al-HusseinHospital in holy Karbala Governorate. A total of fifty known cases of renal failure and fifty health persons wereselected. Blood samples were taken from both (patients and control) to estimate biochemical and hematologicalparameters by using specific methods. Results: the results of this study found the high increase (P˂0.05) inconcentration of blood urea, serum creatinine, and calcium levels, a significant decreases (P ≤ 0.05) in (Hb) and(PCV) in patients while (ESR) rate were significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) in these patients when compared tohealthy control. Conclusion: In this study conclude that the biochemical parameters are more efficient thanhematological parameters in follow-up cases of patients with renal failure.

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Abstract:Background: A student is a learner, or anyone who attends an academic institution. Student is often used for anyonelearning, including early-career adults taking vocational education or returning to college. However, the existence inmost countries of noticeable differences in academic achievement in relation to poor educational standards garneredattention in this area. School academic achievement is not only linked to school-related factors, but also to the socioeconomicenvironment in which students are educated.Over this, westudy the scientific, socialand psychologicalstatus of the students in the Health and Medical Technology College in Baghdad and to finding out any associationbetween this variable with the demographical characteristics and socioeconomic status of the study samples.Subjects&Methods:A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate the scientific and psychosocialstatus of 200 students involved. selected randomly from the

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ABSTRACT:Background: Scabies is one of the most common health problems in developed andunderdeveloped countries. Globally is estimated about 300 million cases of scabiesoccur yearly. Scabies is a highly contagious disease common skin disease caused bythe mite Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis. The disease is seen in all socioeconomicgroups & communities throughout the world. However, the prevalence of scabiesvaries widely from one country to other.Objective: This study aimed to determine the epidemiological and clinical featuresand estimate the prevalence of scabies in patients attending Al- Hussein TeachingHospital in the Karbala city and to determine the predisposing risk factors of scabies.Methodology: Across-sectional study was conducted among a sample of patientsattending Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital / department of dermatology for six months,from the 1st November 2017 to the 29th April 2018, consist of (115) patients infectedby scabies.Results: - In total of all participants elevated age in 10-29 years was )31.3%( male,)18.3%( females, more than )72%( who living in urban areas, )39.1%( patients sharingclothes, (40%) of patients sharing bed. The prevalence of scabies was )10.2%(.Conclusions: - Scabies tends to affect younger age groups and the prevalence washigh and the distribution of disease nearly equally in both gender. Sharing clothes andbed increase the infectivity.

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AbstractEpidemiological models on a large scale give different forms of study and prediction of epidemiological processes such as endemic viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases give an indication of the efficiency of the health system in the community during a pandemic in Iraq to give an indication of the future health behavior of COVID-19. It was collected from the reports of the official body in Iraq on the period before and after the Corona pandemic for the past three years from January 2019 to December 2021 And giving the instructions, the results showed that there is a significant difference between the age groups and also a significant difference of (P=0.001) for the difference of sexes for the years taken in the study, where there was a significant decrease for both sexes between males and females for some parasitic diseases (Taeniasis, Strongyloidiasis, Leishmaniosis, Hymenolepiasis, Trishuriaisis, Enterobiasis( While there was no significant difference between the years of injury for some others taken in the study (Amoebiasias, Giardiasis( While there was a significant difference in the incidence of viral diseases and by sex, with a decrease in infection for the years 2020 and 2021 for diseases ( Hepatitis A, Chicken pox, Mumps, acute flaccid paralysis, Measles, poliomyelitis( The results also showed that there is a significant difference for some bacterial diseases endemic to the region and by sex Bacterial Pneumonia, diphtheria . And a slight, non-significant decrease for some others taken in the study, as in the following percentages (Bacterial meningitis, Typhoid fever( .

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Abstract:Background: Pollution is unwanted waste of human origin released to air, land, water, and the ocean without regard for cost or consequence—is an existential threat to human health and planetary health, and jeopardizes the sustainability of modern societies. Pollution includes contamination of air by fine particulate matter (PM2·5); ozone; oxides of Sulphur and nitrogen; freshwater pollution; contamination of the ocean by mercury, nitrogen, phosphorus, plastic, and petroleum waste; and poisoning of the land by lead, mercury, pesticides, industrial chemicals, electronic waste, and radioactive waste.Methods: A semi-experimental study (towards environmental pollution) was conducted in the Iraqi city of Karbala. The study was conducted from November 1, 2022 to April 1, 2023. Data was collected by conducting a questionnaire with the teaching staff at the Karbala Technical Institute who were selected at their convenience. The data were presented in the form of frequencies and percentages, a p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The largest proportion (30.8) of age was 31 - 40 years old. More than half of the sample (61.1%) were male, and 85% were residing in urban areas. Concerning the educational level, the highest percentage (35.1%) was for diploma. More than half of marital status (74.6%) was married. the most exposed groups to pollution of all kinds the children was largest proportion (73.0 %). On the other hand, the highest percentage was noticed in environmental pollutants very dangerous to the health of individuals. correlation coefficient between some demographic parameters with some knowledge test about environmental pollution, there was positive correlation between A form of widespread environmental pollution that is difficult to control and specialization (r = .180*, P=.014), The oldest environmental problems that threaten living organisms with gender (r = .217**, P =.003).on the other hands there was positive correlation notably among gender and one of the most exposed groups to pollution of all kinds (r = .198**, P =.007). also there was positive correlation noticeably among The most important diseases caused by water pollution to humans and Occupation (r = .148*, P = .044) .Conclusion: pollution and its effects have grave consequences on communities’ health and safety, so, to solve environmental problems, they must be recognized and valued. This research aims to assess environmental awareness for a conscious segment of Iraqi .

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A total of 75 blood samples were randomly collected from Iraqi camels in KarbalaGovernorate for both sexes, with different ages, ranging from 6 months – 19 years)for the time period from the beginning of 1/6/2022 until 1/6/2023, where the numberof healthy camels was (45) by (60%) and the number of sick camels (30) b (40%).The results of the clinical examination of sick camels were compared with healthycamels, which were characterized by the following symptoms and clinical signs:(fatigue - sluggishness - loss of appetite - paleness and yellowing of the mucousmembranes - changes in degree of fever - diarrhea - irregularity and roughness of thehair - intolerance to carrying weights and walking long distances). The results ofexamining the temperature, rate of pulse and respiration for healthy camels were lessthan they are in sick camels. The temperature of healthy camels was (35.88-36.94) Co,while sick camels were (36.8-38) Co, the pulse and respiration speed respectively inhealthy camels was (37.59) - 43.58) pulse / minute, (9.05 - 13.08) Res./minute. As forthe pulse and respiration speed of sick camels, respectively, they were (44.72 - 64.42)pulse / minute, (11.8 - 1) Res./minute. Thus, the results of the statistical analysis oftemperature, pulse and respiration speed, there was a significant statistical differenceat the level (p<0.05) between the values of healthy and sick camels to all samples forboth sexes. As for the results of examining the concentration of iron in blood serum,the average of iron concentration in healthy camels was (70-82) μg /dL, while sickcamels recorded (42-116) μg /dL. The statistical results showed that the leastsignificant statistical difference (L.S.D) had (22.38). We noticed that there was nostatistically significant difference in the percentage of iron with respect to sex at thelevel of p>0.05. The results also showed that there were statistically significantdifferences at the level of p<0.05 in the concentration of iron between healthy andsick camels.

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Hydatid cyst or hydatidosis is one of the common diseases between humans and animals (zoonotic disease) and has a global spread. Due to the importance of the disease, we chose this topic to find out the epidemiological extent of the spread of the disease and its relationship to some demographic characteristics; Where statistical data was collected and analyzed for those with hydatid cysts who were treated with surgical intervention at Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital in the Holy Governorate of Karbala. The statistics included (the number of infected people - age - gender - months of infection - residential areas - multiplicity of infections - affected body parts). The total number of infected people was (40) for both sexes for the year (2022). There were (27) infected cases by (67.5%) in females and (13) infected cases by(32.5%) in males. Thus, the infection rate in females is higher than it is in males. The infection rate according to age was highest in the youth group aged (21-30) years, and the lowest in the very young and very old ages. The highest infection rate during the months of the year was during the months of June and September, while the lowest infection rate was in the cold months in December and January, in which no infection was recorded. The infection rate in rural areas (Al-Hindiyya and Al-Husseiniyah sectors) was higher than the infection rate in the city areas ; As for multiple infection, the highest percentage is single infection, and the most affected organ is the liver, then the abdominal cavity, while the least affected organ is the lung.

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Abstract: Background: Chronic renal failure is a chronic medical condition characterized by a progressive and irreversible loss of kidney function. Up to 50% of patients undergoing dialysis experience symptoms of depression and anxiety. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the physical, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction, and depressive symptoms, as well as any associations between these symptoms and demographic and clinical factors, of individuals with chronic kidney disease. Methods: This research used a descriptive cross-sectional design to examine the experiences of people with chronic renal failure in Holy Karbala City. Fifty patients with chronic renal disease who sought treatment at Imam Hussein Medical City were included in the analysis. Results: The results of the study showed that most of the patients with chronic kidney disease had moderate psychological problems. Also, showed there was significant association between psychological aspect and sociodemographic characteristic variables like age, residency and marital status while there was no significant association with other demographic variables like gender (p= 0.111), educational level (p= 0.069), economic status (p= 0.690), number of child in family (p = 0.366) and family size (p= 0.787). Conclusion: The effects of chronic kidney disease on patients’ mental and physical well-being were found to be statistically significant, and the authors concluded that these effects were correlated with socio-demographic variables.