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SUMMARY. Pleural effusion is an abnormality that frequently develops from the accumulation of fluids in pleural cavity its caused by a primary or secondary to a variety of disorders such as malignancy, heart failure and other infections. It is concerning a serious common condition encountered by both chest physicians and chest surgeons in Iraq. Therefore, some studies that contribute to understanding the predisposing factors of pleural effusion to help doctors to overcome some of the problems facing them. The objective of the study was to determine the epidemiological characteristics of patients presenting with pleural effusion and ascertain predisposing factors of the disease. A cross-sectional study was conducted among a sample of patients who attending Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital, the study consists of 54 patients suffered from pleural effusion those who diagnosed by specialized doctors from the Hospital lobbies for internal medicine for six months (1st November 2018 to 29th April 2019). The data collected by direct interview with patients or indirect (Patient Escort) by using a questionnaire form. The study showed that most of the patients were in 52 years of age or more 33 % and 27 % for both male and females, respectively, with mean ± SD of age 56.5±16.5. 59.3 % of patients were retired, 55.6% of patients' education level was Illiterate. The study found that cumulative pleural effusion in both sides of the lung was equivalent (P.v=0.1), and the majority of patients (30%) had pneumonia. Plural effusion is a highly prevalent condition among the elderly who have various chronic diseases such as heart failure and lung disorders. It affects both sexes and bilateral sides.

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Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a life‑threatening disease whose complications can cause heart attack or stroke, blindness, and kidney failure. Objective: The main objective of this study was to determine knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding DM among a sample of students at the Technical Institute of Karbala. Materials and Methods: This cross‑sectional study was conducted in Al‑Furat A‑Awsat Technical University, Technical Institute of Karbala, Iraq. A total of 856 students were included in this study. Data were collected by direct interview with students using a questionnaire form. Results: Total sample in this study was 856 students (52.3% male and 47.7% female), 58 DM (Type II) patients were included in this study. The mean age of the study population was 20.86 ± 1.58 years (range of 17–25 years). The majority of students (48.8%) were in the age group of (≤20 years). The most of the respondents were single and lived in urban areas as represent 87.4% and 75.9%, respectively. Nearly 60% of cases had good and acceptable knowledge scores, while 50% had good and acceptable scores for attitude and practice regarding DM. Conclusion: The overall scores were good and acceptable regarding knowledge, attitude, and practice. A better educational program on diabetes should be conducted to improve awareness, attitude, and practice toward DM using mass media and health education in all Ministries.

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Background: The Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak had dangerous consequences throughout the world, considering a major threat to public health. The current study assessed the information of educational- staff in the Technical Institute of Karbala towards Ebola Virus Disease. Subjects & Methods: Across sectional survey study using with an interviewer administered questionnaire. Data collected from a random sample of 200 educational staff in the Technical Institute of Karbala, regarding their knowledge about the Ebola Virus Disease. Statistical analysis done by using Chi-Square (χ2) test. Result: - For a total of all participants, who completed the questionnaire, more than half of the respondents (61%) had adequate knowledge. There was no significant difference in age groups with occupation, while there was high association (p-value < 0.05) in certificate, specialty and genders. Television is the first influencer (91%) on the information of participants. Conclusion: In spite of good knowledge level as in general, but we recommended to increase the understanding about how the disease can be transmission and prevented infection with EVD. Key words: Knowledge, Ebola Virus Disease, Educational – Staff, Karbala I. INTRODUCTION: - Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a dreaded, highly contagious disease with a mortality rate of 25%-90% (1), The contagious virus is one of the most pathogenic strains from the Filoviridae family of the RNA viruses. The disease was specified in in Zaire near Ebola river in 1976‟s, since then, many outbreaks occurred as different magnitudes (2), it has broken of all other outbreaks. This outbreak had devastating consequences apart from diseases and deaths; with its adverse effects on health systems, livelihoods, economies, and long-held cultural traditions (3,4). Given the unprecedented spread of Ebola and the worsening impact on communities, WHO in 8 Aug 2014 decleared " EVD" outbreak as a " Public Health Emergency of International Concern". There was no licensed pharmacological agent or vaccine for the treatment and prevention of EVD (1). Ebola virus disease has a high incidence of death (5). The disease was formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever (EHF), the virus can be transmission through contact with blood, body secretions and fluids such as milk, semen as well as tissues of infected persons either while they are alive or immediately after their death, with an incubation period of 2 to 21 days (6,7). The most complaining of the disease was fever with headache attached with muscle aches, vomiting and diarrhea, in the later stages of the disease, troubling signs are characterized by hemorrhagic rash and internal and external bleeding. (5,6,8).

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Background: Objective: Objectives of the study were to 1) Figuring out the degree of utilization, for the beneficiary health users, together with overall and detailed provider's satisfaction, with primary health care, services provided. 2) Suggesting a renovate plan, for Iraqi health system reform. Subjects and Methods: A cross sectional survey was conduct in Health Directorate of Holy Karbala Governorate, Iraq,. A total 572 of health providers a self-administered questionnaire on factors associated with, job satisfaction, Were included in this study. The data collection carried out for a period of five months from January, 2, 2017 to the end of May 2017. Data collected by direct interview, with health providers using a questionnaire form that designed based on the study objectives, it administered to the participants and the, results consolidated and, tested for any statistical significance. Results: Total sample in this study were 572, health providers (65.4%, male and 34.6% female), the mean age of the study population was 36.8 ± 9.8 years, The study population was the age range, at the time of study were, between (21–60) years, (male: female ratio was 1.3:1) and the highest percentage (35.7%) were in the age group (< 30) years. The most of the respondents were lived, in urban areas as represent, (58.7%). Regarding the distribution of health providers, as educational level about half of studied, sample (49.7 %) from College and more, while regarding health title more than half of studied sample (57.9%) were Paramedical staff. Regarding afternoon, work (56.0%) of health providers, have an afternoon work, (67.0%) agree with health insurance, and having a family doctor, for each area responsible for, family members' health, while (43.0 %) agree with prevent, mix of private and governmental work. Conclusion: The overall scores were acceptable regarding, assessment of health provider’s among, health care services in primary health care, centers, and conduct of health assurance program, in the health system of Iraq. A better educational program, on health, assurance, program should, conducted to improve awareness, , attitude, and practice toward health, assurance, program using, mass, media and health, education in all Ministries and community. Statistical analysis: Data input to computer file for, storage and Analysis, Statistical package for the, social sciences (SPSS) version 18 used for, data description and analysis, Descriptive statistic included the use of frequencies and percentages. The Chi-Square statistical test used, to test for associations between variables with the results, considered as statistically significant when the P value was equal or less than 0.05. Keywords: health care services, primary health care centers, health providers, health assurance program.

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Abstract Across–sectional study carried out in the Blood Transfusion Center at the holy Karbala city/ Iraq. the aim of this study was to assess the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the bases and process of blood donation, during four months started from the 2nd of January to end of April 2017, A total of 446 individuals were interviewed, were donors ‘attendants to the Blood Transfusion Center '', .Ignorance, fear and misconnects about blood donations and lack of voluntary blood donation organizations are major constraints in many developing countries to facilitate voluntary blood donation. More awareness must be create among all strata of population especially among youngsters on importance of blood donation.Regarding respondent knowledge about age limit and weight for donation, the study demonstrated 62.3 % of voluntaries replied that a person between 18-65 years old could donate blood; only 54.0 % of them knew the minimum weight for donation. In respect to the reasons of donation, most of donors 77.9 % were donated blood as a religious and humanity duty, replacement 13.6%,were donated blood for family members or friends (replacement donors), while 8.5 % believed that blood donation is good for their health. The total score of knowledge found good and acceptable among 83% of sample. While unclear for 17 % of donors, blood campaigns was the main source of information in current43 study.Regarding the attitudes of people toward blood donation, 87.9 % of the respondents showed positive attitude toward blood donation and its importance for patients care. 85.9% of donors agreed that blood in the bank is safe. Positive attitudes towards blood donation observed among 82 % of respondents while it was low percent 18 % showed poor attitudes. Regarding the total score of the practice; most of the donors 80 % had good scores.only 20 % of donors, had poor scores;The current study revealed that there is very good and acceptable knowledge of people regarding blood donation among donors, the act of donating blood was associated with a religious and humanity duty rather than replacement with voluntary donation while no asked him to donate and the donation place is far & busy were the main reasons for reluctance to donate blood. In addition, majority of respondents had good attitudes & believes that blood donation is useful, but due to insufficient information, they are less willing to take part in blood donation .Based on this study, an effective strategy should made concerning motivation to blood donors in future. This needs education through dissemination of information on blood donation particularly on electronic media and mass media. Keywords: knowledge, attitudes, practices, Blood donation, Voluntary, holy Karbala city. Introduction “Whose ever saves a human life saves the life of the whole mankind,” Allah Taala says In the Quran Al Mighty, [1]. There are eight key life-saving interventions in health-care facilities, blood transfusion recognized as one of them [2]. Because Demand of blood is rising day by day, while current blood donation is insufficient to meet the demand, therefore Blood services are facing shortage of blood all over the world[3].blood donation is a duty of every healthy member of the community & harmless will be taken from a donor, 20 minutes time not more than including time for refreshment and rest. Just half liter of blood donated can help save as many as lives of three people [4, 5]. Blood transfusion is the process of receiving blood or blood products & used in a variety of medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood [2]. Because there are no substitutes for blood, It is an essential element of human life, Blood donation is the beginning step for blood transfusion that can save the lives of millions of people worldwide, especially after an accident or during a medical operation [6, 7]. There are several types of blood donation: whole blood, red cells, plasma and platelets. To be eligible to donate whole blood, plasma or platelets, person must be a good health, able to pass the physical and health history assessment and (age 18years old and weight 50 kg) at least [4]. Generally, there are the following categories of donors: voluntary, family replacement and remunerated, Blood donation is motivated by the various factors like altruism, social pressure, and behavior and replacement needs[8] A voluntary donor who is donates blood for altruistic reasons. Moreover, a replacement donor who is donates blood for particular patient. The safest donors who are peoples voluntary donate blood once or twice yearly [9, 10].

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A cross sectional study was carried out in Holy Karbala City/Iraq during the period from the 2st of January 2015 to the end of April to assess knowledge and awareness among a sample of paramedical staff regarding seasonal flu.The results of demographic data of the studied sample showed that there was a distinct males preponderance with mean ± SD of their ages was (35.21+10.09) years, the age range at the time of study was between (21-62) years , ( male : female ratio was 1.3:1) , more than half of the sample selected (57.4%) were males , (42.76%) falls in the age group of (20-29) years, and more than half were (54.51%) had Health Technical institute , (73.76%) from sample were married , and more than three quarter of sample (76.15%) were resident in urban and about half of the sample (51.96%) were worked in hospitals.The study provident There is Significant association has been found between level of education and their knowledge.No significant association has been found between (age groups, Gender, marital status, residence and working institute ) of paramedical staff and their knowledge.Present study concluded that the knowledge and awareness by paramedical staff in holy Karbala city regarding seasonal flu had good and acceptable score .The study recommendation by important dependent general programmes for health education additional training as intensive courses for short periods about the disease , mode of transmission and prevention measures with all available methods for all paramedical staff and other health staff.

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ABSTRACT Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among women, its impacting 2.1 million new cases each year, contributing about 11.6% of the total cancer incidence burden worldwide. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among a sample of 582 educated women from Karbala Technical Institute to assess their Knowledge and Awareness regarding breast cancer (B.C.). A self-administered questionnaire was used to achieve the aim of the study, which contained two parts: the first part was demographic characteristics, and the other part was used to assess Knowledge and awareness; the researchers designed this questionnaire form according to WHO criteria. The sample was classified into three categories: student 349 (60%), teaching staff 92 (15.8%) and administrative staff 141 (24.2%). Results: 77.7 % of the participants believed that the best way to prevent breast cancer was "Early detection". Regarding signs and symptoms, most of the participant's answers (71.5%) agree with the "appearance of a Painless lump in the breast or the underarm". On the other hand, (57.2 %) of represented believe that the most risk factor was "Family history of breast cancer". As an overall assessment, 50.2% had a good and acceptable knowledge of B.C. Conclusion: This study revealed unsatisfactory Knowledge of breast cancer among educated women in Karbala Provenance. Keywords: Knowledge; awareness; Breast Cancer; educated women; Risk Factors.

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Abstract Background: World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) “Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)” is explained as “the infant receives only breast milk, no other liquids or solids. Its recommended for the first 6 months of life, and then complementary feeding should be started. EBF helps to reduce child morbidity and mortality from several diseases such as diarrhea, respiratory and / or ear infections and other infectious diseases, shielding lactation women from breast and ovarian cancer. In addition to offers societal economic and environmental benefits, The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and awareness of exclusive breast feeding among mothers with a child < 2 years of age.