ملخص البحث :

Pleural effusion is an abnormality that frequently develops from the accumulation of fluids in pleural cavity its caused by a primary or secondary to a variety of disorders such as malignancy, heart failure and other infections. It is concerning a serious common condition encountered by both chest physicians and chest surgeons in Iraq. Therefore, some studies that contribute to understanding the predisposing factors of pleural effusion to help doctors to overcome some of the problems facing them. The objective of the study was to determine the epidemiological characteristics of patients presenting with pleural effusion and ascertain predisposing factors of the disease. A cross-sectional study was conducted among a sample of patients who attending Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital, the study consists of 54 patients suffered from pleural effusion those who diagnosed by specialized doctors from the Hospital lobbies for internal medicine for six months (1st November 2018 to 29th April 2019). The data collected by direct interview with patients or indirect (Patient Escort) by using a questionnaire form. The study showed that most of the patients were in 52 years of age or more 33 % and 27 % for both male and females, respectively, with mean ± SD of age 56.5±16.5. 59.3 % of patients were retired, 55.6% of patients' education level was Illiterate. The study found that cumulative pleural effusion in both sides of the lung was equivalent (P.v=0.1), and the majority of patients (30%) had pneumonia. Plural effusion is a highly prevalent condition among the elderly who have various chronic diseases such as heart failure and lung disorders. It affects both sexes and bilateral sides.

ملخص البحث :

The critical micro-vascular complications of diabetes ultimately result in renal dysfunction known as diabetic nephropathy (DN). Measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is considered to be an important parameter in renal function assessment, evaluating GFR by Creatinine level. Recently, Cystatin C is used as a substitute indicator in several studies to assess diabetic nephropathy. This work was conceived to determine whether serum cystatinC would replace serum creatinine (Scr) in patients with type2 diabetes for early evaluation of nephropathy. A Case-Control Study was enrolled on 30 Patients with diabetic and 30 apparently healthy as control, aged between 25 - 83 years. Levels of serum cystatine C and serum Creatinine were calculated for both groups. Serum Creatinine, as well as serum cystatin C levels, was significant relationship with diabetic pt. in compared to non-diabetic individuals. ROC analysis noted the cystatinC was more predict indicator in diagnosed Diabetic Nephropathy (DNP) from Serum Creatinine level. In Type 2 diabetics, CystatinC is a good marker for uncontrolled diabetic nephropathy relative to serum creatinine.

ملخص البحث :

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is amongst the most infectious and almost half of the country’s population is affected by a chronic bacterial infection. H. pylori evoke an inflammatory reaction of the host epithelium, leading to induction of immune cells which exhibit as gastritis. There is little knowledge of how H. pylori remain in the host’s antimicrobial agents, such as calprotectin (CP), which is found through an immune response. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of fecal calprotectin (FC) in subjects with gastric ulcer and correlation of it with H. pylori. Methods: 25 patients with gastric ulcer and 25 healthy controls were included in a prospective study. Samples of blood are taken IgG antibody H pylori and stool specimen for measured of calprotectin level. Results: All gastric ulcer patients infected with H pylori. From a total of 25 patients participating in this study 8 were man and 17 women with the mean age 40.6±15.8. There was a statistically meaningful difference between the groups analyzed (p=0.0001) dependent on the calprotectin level. Also found significant association between sex and calprotectin level according to the positivity of H pylori.Conclusion: There’s a significant statistical between fecal calprotectin level and H. pylori infection in gastric ulcer patients.

ملخص البحث :

Children spend most of their time in schools, so they are more vulnerable to injuries and they may facing to severe accidents especially in the primary school stage. First aid becomes as important to keep children while they arrive at the medical facility. This study was aimed to assess the Primary School Teachers' Knowledge, Attitude and Practices regarding First-Aid. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 32 primary schools (selected randomly) in holy Karbala Provence during the period from January - June 2019. The study included direct interviews and using a verified questionnaire. 438 Primary School's Teachers (PSTs) aged (23-62) years were engaging in study. The association between knowledge, attitudes, and practices, and various demographic factors were assessed using the Chi-squared test. Results: Of 438 participants who responded (94.3% response rate), 266 (61 %) were male with mean ± SD of their ages were (40.4+8.7) years. Overall knowledge of PSTs was poor 62%. While the overall attitude of the participants was positive with accepted practices. It was shown that knowledge and attitude had a substantial positive relationship. Participants responded that the mass media was their primary source of first-aid information (80.0 %). Conclusions: The findings indicate that participants lack a basic understanding of first aid. We suggest that all instructors should take first-aid training in cooperation with the school health unit within the primary health care centers.

ملخص البحث :

Background: The Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak had dangerous consequences throughout the world, considering a major threat to public health. The current study assessed the information of educational- staff in the Technical Institute of Karbala towards Ebola Virus Disease. Subjects & Methods: Across sectional survey study using with an interviewer administered questionnaire. Data collected from a random sample of 200 educational staff in the Technical Institute of Karbala, regarding their knowledge about the Ebola Virus Disease. Statistical analysis done by using Chi-Square (χ2) test. Result: - For a total of all participants, who completed the questionnaire, more than half of the respondents (61%) had adequate knowledge. There was no significant difference in age groups with occupation, while there was high association (p-value < 0.05) in certificate, specialty and genders. Television is the first influencer (91%) on the information of participants. Conclusion: In spite of good knowledge level as in general, but we recommended to increase the understanding about how the disease can be transmission and prevented infection with EVD.

ملخص البحث :

Background: Antibiotics are compounds that produce by microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) that inhibitory action on the growth of other microorganisms. Irrational antibiotic use has led society to antibiotic resistance a serious health problem worldwide. 23000 deaths per year from antibiotic resistant bacteria and seventeen common disease-causing bacteria have antibiotic resistant versions nevertheless only few studies had conducted in Iraq on this subject. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess knowledge and attitude toward antibiotics use for educational-staff in the Technical Institute of Karbala. Objects and Method: Across sectional survey study using with an interviewer administered questionnaire. Data collected from a random sample of 200 educational - staff in the Technical Institute of Karbala, regarding their knowledge and attitude about the effectiveness of resistance toward and self-medications of antibiotics. Statistical analysis done by using Chi-Square (χ2) test. Result: In total of all participants, those completed the questionnaire, more than half of the respondents (59%) had adequate knowledge and (67%) had good attitude level of antibiotics. There was no significant difference between genders, marital status and occupation of participant’s with knowledge level while there was relation with age groups, certificate and specialty of study sample. For attitude level, there was no significant difference between genders, age groups, marital status, certificate and specialty of study sample with attitude level; on the other hand, there was a significant difference with occupation. Conclusion: In spite of good knowledge level as in general, but there was lacks aware in self-medication with antibiotics that’s consider a serious problem requires considerable attention to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance. Recommendation: It is very necessary to understanding how to use the antibiotic because personal decisions based on these understandings that lead to decrease the resistance of bacteria to antibiotic. Keywords: Antibiotic Use, Self-medication, Drug Resistance

ملخص البحث :

Background: An escalation, as three times more, had been recognized in cases of hepatitis A (HAV) from 2009 to 2014 among Iraqi people. Regarding hepatitis B and C, Iraq is considered as a low endemic country comparing to neighbors. Study design: A retrospective cohort study. Methods: Data incorporated from 2007 to 2016 were collected through a federal survey conducted by the Health Directorate of Karbala, who administrates all hospitals (three public hospitals and five private hospitals) and 40 health centers in Karbala City, Iraq. The four types of hepatitis and demographic information of all cases were included. Results: A vivid shifting in the prevalence of HAV showed a decreasing pattern, that is, from 632 cases (PR=61) in 2007 to 314 cases (PR=33) in 2008. In 2012, its prevalence was twice greater (695 cases, PR=63.2). The PR of HBV also changed from 52 cases (PR=5.8) in 2007 to 26 cases (PR=2.8) in 2008. Regarding HCV, a decreasing pattern with 13 cases (PR=1.4) in 2007 and 12 cases (PR=1.2) in 2009 was seen. This number increased to 60 cases (PR=3.9) in 2016. For HEV, more cases were reported (47 cases, PR=4.7) in 2010. Conclusion: The four types of hepatitis have been highly prevalent since 2010. The high number of migrants to Karbala Governorate and unavailability of immunization might be reasons behind the high prevalence of the four-types of hepatitis.

ملخص البحث :

Background: World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) “Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)” is explained as “the infant receives only breast milk, no other liquids or solids. Its recommended for the first 6 months of life, and then complementary feeding should be started. EBF helps to reduce child morbidity and mortality from several diseases such as diarrhea, respiratory and / or ear infections and other infectious diseases, shielding lactation women from breast and ovarian cancer. In addition to offers societal economic and environmental benefits, The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and awareness of exclusive breast feeding among mothers with a child < 2 years of age. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Health Directorate of Holy Karbala city. The study consist of (487) mothers how attendant to six Primary Health Care center (PHC). The collected data was done by direct interview with mothers and using a questionnaire form that designed based on the study objectives according to WHO criteria. Data were analyzed by SPSS “ Statistical Package for the Social Sciences”, the descriptive statistics included numbers (N) and percentage (%), and the inferential statistical test was done by using Chi-Square test (χ2), P-value (Probability of chance ) was equal or less than 0.05 considered as statistically significant to find for any association between the results variables. Result: A total of 487 participants were included in the study and the rate of response was 92.7%. The highest percentage (66.3%) of study sample were full in the age group (21-30) years, and more than three quarters were lived in urban area. Nearly half of the study sample 47% had primary education and 60% those housewives, and the main source of information being family and friends (84.4%). As an overall assessment, 61.8% of the study sample had good knowledge and awareness about exclusive breastfeeding, with highly significant differences to education level ,occupation residence of the mother. Conclusion: Over half of the subjects had good knowledge and awareness of exclusive Breastfeeding. And, on the other hand, there was a very significant difference between education level, occupation and mother’s residence with a level of knowledge.

ملخص البحث :

background: The development of a strategy to promote patients' rights and responsibilities has to be carefully prepared, in order to ensure that the intention is translated into practical action, which commands the support of all parties involved. Such action does not follow automatically, but takes time to become fully effective. National situations vary in respect of legal frameworks, health care systems, economic conditions, and social, cultural and ethical values. Patients’ rights, is recently introduced term in health sciences literature and practice and has become an important part of modern health care practice. Patients now are much more aware of what they expect from health care professionals, when they enter the health care environment. Objective: The main objective of this study was to determine the level of awareness of rights and responsibilities among hospitalized patients' in Karbala city. Patients and Methods: Across-sectional study was conducted in Karbala city center of Karbala governorate, the study consists of (200) patient recumbent in public hospitals and data were collected by direct interview with those patients by using a questionnaire form designed by the author based on WHO legislations' this questionnaire consisting of three parts form (some demographics characteristic, patients Rights' and patients Responsibilities).Statistical analysis was done by using Chi-Square (χ2) test. Results: Most patients did not know about the patients’ bill of rights, even though they are spontaneously practicing their rights and responsibilities. Conclusion: - Despite the enjoyment of the patients were lying in government hospitals full rights enshrined internationally, there was a lack of patients' awareness regarding the patients' rights and responsibilities.

ملخص البحث :

Background: A student is a learner, or anyone who attends an academic institution. Student is often used for anyone learning, including early-career adults taking vocational education or returning to college. However, the existence in most countries of noticeable differences in academic achievement in relation to poor educational standards garnered attention in this area. School academic achievement is not only linked to school-related factors, but also to the socioeconomic environment in which students are educated.Over this, westudy the scientific, socialand psychological status of the students in the Health and Medical Technology College in Baghdad and to finding out any association between this variable with the demographical characteristics and socioeconomic status of the study samples. Subjects&Methods:A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate the scientific and psychosocial status of 200 students involved. selected randomly from the " Health and Medical Technology College in Baghdad". Demographic characteristics and socio-economic status of the study sample were obtained.Using SPSS (Statistical Process for Social Sciences), data were analyzed. Review of the descriptive details, including: Analysis statistics tables ((Score Mean (M.S.), Standard Deviation (S.D.), Relative Sufficiency Percentage (R.S. percent) and Score Cut-off (0.5) according to score 0,1)); Grand mean of score (G.M.S), Person's Correlation Coefficients, and Using graphical presentation (bar charts and cluster bar charts). Analysis of inferential statistics, included binomial test, Chi-Square test (χ2), testing the person's correlation coefficients, and testing the contingency coefficient. Result:In total of all participants, those completed the questionnaire, more than half of the respondents 113 (56.5%) were male, 144 (72%) atage group (20- 24) years. More than half of participates 105(52.5%) had moderate Socio- Economic Status.The study sample has failure on the scientific domain assessment while they had positive (pass) in social and psychological domain,the results reveals' that main overall assessment domains (scientific, social and psychological status) had a significant different with age groups and grades, gender and marital status, while nosignificant different with socio-economic. Conclusion: There was positive impact of the environmental behavior on the educational level of students in College of Health and Medical Technology –Baghdad. Key words: Environmental impact, Scientific, Social and Psychological status

ملخص البحث :

The study aimed to identify the effect of electronic awareness on the level of health awareness among athletes, and to identify the relationship between the level of health awareness and nutritional behaviour, as well as to reveal the significance of the differences between the pre and posttests in the level of health awareness and nutritional behaviour among players ages 17 - less than 20 years To achieve this, the study was conducted on a sample of (200) young athletes practising for many sporting events in the urban areas of Karbala city, who were randomly chosen. The results of the study showed the amount of positive impact of electronic awareness on the level of health awareness of the research sample about the average correct answers and a significant level (0.002) as well as the positive effect of electronic awareness on the level of nutritional behaviour of the research sample with the average correct answers and a moral level (0.0001), and that there is a direct relationship between The level of health awareness and nutritional behaviour of the study sample. Keywords: E-awareness, health awareness, nutritional behaviour.

ملخص البحث :

Background: In late December 2019, COVID-19 was discovered in Wuhan, China, this disease spread in more than 200 countries, and On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) proclaimed it as a worldwide epidemic. As a result, national governments ordered millions of individuals, including researchers, academics, business employees, and students, to keep safe by isolating themselves or instituting a full or partial worldwide lockdown. Physical access to the classroom has been restricted as a result of the long-term use of lockdown. In Iraq, e-Learning systems has been relied upon as a basis for the study. Thus, the greatest source of psychological concern for students is the dread of losing an academic year. This study aimed to assess psychological distress among university students in relation to“e-Learning” during the coronavirus pandemic which was considered as one of the tools for achieving the effectiveness of the quality of E-learning among university students. Methods: An online survey was conducted amongst a sample of 500 students from the technical institute of Karbala by using a purposive sampling technique by using a pre-validated questionnaire as Google form and distribution to students by social media. Results: From all 500 students, who completed the questionnaire, more than half of them (64.4 %) had a positive effect on psychological distress from e-learning. There was a significant relationship between gender and residence with an overall assessment, while there was no association (p-value < 0.05) in grades of the participants. Conclusions: e-Learning has a considerable favorable effect on 64.4% of student psychological distress, according to research, and the dread of losing an academic year was a major source of psychological hardship during the COVID-19 lockdown. Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, e-Learning, Psychological distress, Psychological anxiety.

ملخص البحث :

Background: Deficiency in Vitamin D is a global health issue, in the recent decade, there has been substantial proof that low levels of Vitamin D can lead to thyroid disorders. The present study aims to analyze the relationship between hypothyroidism and the level of Vitamin D, as well as to analyze the relationship between Vitamin D level with thyroid antibodies (TPO-Abs and TG-Abs). Methods: Forty patients diagnosed as hypothyroidism which compared with twenty healthy control groups with matching in sex and age between studied groups. The blood sample was collected from both groups to estimate the level of vitamin D, T3, T4, TSH hormones and the existence of thyroid autoantibodies. Results: Patients with hypothyroidism showed a significantly lower mean of Vitamin D level compared with the healthy control group (p=0.0001). Half (20/40) of the hypothyroid group tested positive for TPO-Ab, (15/40) were positive for TG-Ab, and (14/40) of hypothyroidism patients have positive results for Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase and Anti- Thyroglobulin antibodies with highly statistical significant between hypothyroid group according to the presences of autoantibodies. As for the interaction of vitamin D levels with autoantibodies in patients with hypothyroidism, we observed that levels of Vitamin D were correlated with neither TPO antibodies (p=0.292) nor TG antibodies (p=0.108). Conclusion: The levels of vitamin D were significantly lower in patients with hypothyroidism relative to healthy control. Vitamin D does not have a strong association with the titers of thyroid antibodies. Keywords: Hypothyroidism,