ملخص البحث :

The aim of the present study is to facilitate the machining process of cast steel (HSS)through cooling and lubricating by compressed air with liquid in three directions andconsisting of (oil, soap, carbolic acid, and sculpture) and was compared with the lubricantprocess in one direction and at different cutting speeds (2.08, 6.25, 10.4, and 14.16 m/sec).The Auto Desk Inventor programme is used to simulate the cutting process by applyingcutting forces to the tool's shear surface. The interface equipment is used to measurecutting tool strains by the response of a strain gauge and the Arduino equipment to measurecutting tool temperature. In addition, the tool strain equations were used assuming that thecutting tool is fixed between the two walls (fixing region and surface of the workpiece) toget the best results at the same speed. The results refer to the lubricant in three directions,which is better than one direction due to decreasing cutting tool strain, reaction of cuttingforce on the shear surface of the cutting tool, and cutting tool temperature. Theexperimental results show that a cutting speed of 10.4 m/sec is the best for the cuttingprocess. Furthermore, the numerical results are converged with practical results in a smallcorrection factor (0.428), preventing the tool from vanishing.

ملخص البحث :

Abstract- The cooling of photovoltaic (PV) modules is essential for enhancing electrical efficiency and power obtained. In this paper, a water-cooling chamber is attached to the back of PV module to study the effect of pane orientation, which guides water flow through the chamber, and reverse water flow on the electrical and thermal performance of photovoltaic /thermal (PV/T) system. The installation of PV modules is at a 33°-angle tilted to the south. The type of PV module is FRS-50W with dimensions of 640 mm ×540 mm. Three styles of PV with different pane flow angles of 60°, 30° and 0° are implemented. The modules are simultaneously tested and compared with an uncooled PV (Module 0) under two directions of water flow. The three modules of flow angles (60°, 30° and 0°) are defined as Module I, II and III at up-flow, respectively and Module IV, V and VI at down-flow, respectively. Results show that Module I has a maximum thermal efficiency of 80% at water flowrate 4 l/min and an increment of 54% for a range 1-4 l/min. When flow rate is 4 l/min in cooling chamber of Module I, II, and III, electrical efficiency increases by 17%, 15.3% and 13.6%, respectively compared with Module 0 under the same conditions. Furthermore, its maximum power (Pmax), voltage at maximum power (Vmp) and current at maximum power (Imp) increase with cooling and increasing flow rate for all modules due to decreased PV temperature.