ملخص البحث :

In the current study, a new hybrid ultrasonic-electrocoagulation reactor (U-E reactor) has been used to inactivate Escherichia coli in water. The new hybrid reactor consists of an ultrasonic bath fitted with four perforated aluminium electrodes. These perforated electrodes are designed to act as baffle-plates to enhance the water-mixing process. The electrodes eliminate the need for external mixing devices, which in turn, enhances the cost-effectiveness of the unit. Initially, the ability of the electrocoagulation to inactivate E. coli was optimised for different operating parameters such as electrolysing time (Te), electrodes spacing (ES) and current density (CD). The ultrasonic field was then applied over different time periods (Tu), during the course of the electrolysing process. Statistical analyses have been conducted to assess the relative effect of each operating parameter on the inactivation of E. coli. An economic study has also been conducted to assess the operating costs of the U-E reactor. The results revealed that the new U-E reactor inactivated 100% of the E. coli within 11 min of electrolysis at ES of 5 mm, CD of 1.5 , and an operation cost of 0.212 US $/m3. It was been established that the relative effect of operating parameters on E.coli inactivation followed the order: .

ملخص البحث :

Using solely an optical remotely sensed dataset to obtain an accurate thematic map of land use and land cover (LU/LC) is a serious challenge. The dataset fusion of multispectral and panchromatic images play a big role and provide an accurate estimation of LU/LC map simply because using a dataset from different spectrum portions with different spatial and spectral characteristics will improve image classification. For this study, the Landsat operational land imager multispectral and panchromatic images were adopted. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of using a panchromatic highly spatial resolution to refine the methodology for LU/LC mapping in Baghdad city, Iraq, by performing a comparison of classifications using different algorithms on multispectral and fused images. Different classification algorithms were employed to classify the data set; minimum distance (MD) and the maximum likelihood classifier (MLC). A suitable classification method was proposed to map LU/LC based on the outcome results. The result evaluation was conducted by applying a confusion matrix. An overall accuracy of a fused image using a principal component-based spectral sharpening algorithm and classified by the MLC classifier reveals the highest accurate results with an overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of 98.90% and 0.98, respectively. Results showed that the best methodology for LU/LC mapping of the study area is found from fusion of multispectral with panchromatic images via principal component-based spectral algorithm with MLC approach for classification.

ملخص البحث :

This study was concerned with assessment the water quality of Euphrates River in the middle of Iraq. Water quality assessment is the overall process of evaluation of the physical, chemical and biological nature of the water. Water pollution for Euphrates River in Middle of Iraq (Babylon, Al-Najaf, and Al-Diwaniya governorates) occurs in both rural and urban areas. In rural areas, drinking water from natural sources such as rivers and streams is usually polluted by organic substances from upstream users who use water for agricultural activities. To protect the water resources from pollution and deterioration which caused by natural pollutants or human activities, an environmental database was constructed and applied. A Visual Basic (version 6.0) Software program was constructed to evaluate the pollutant concentrations using regression models obtained by Data Fit Software program (version 8.0) to make the monitoring system. The result of the program is verified with data of year 2008 which is not included in regression model. This verification shows a good agreement with coefficient of determination ranged between “0.914 to 0.994”To assess water body for compliance with standards that have been set to define requirements for various functions and uses, the water body concerned, were compared with the Iraqi, and WHO standards for domestic and irrigation purposes, for determining whether water quality at sampling sites exceeds water quality standards. A comparison shows that these parameters in some stations are within the Iraqi and WHO standards (i.e. total dissolved solids (TDS): in Al-Musaib, Al-Kufa, Al-Shamya station), and (calcium (Ca): in Al-Hindya Barrage station).

ملخص البحث :

The present investigation has been devoted to assessing the environmental impacts of a local landfill, in the north of Hilla city, Iraq, on the surrounding soils in terms of heavy metal pollution. The concentrations of heavy metals, namely chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) were measured during, November 2019, at three investigation sites that located at distances of 10 (site 1), 20 (site 2) and 30 m (site 3) from the edge of the mentioned landfill. Soil samples were collected from these sites at a constant depth of 20 cm. The collected samples were air-dried, manually crushed, and sieved through a 2 mm mesh before subjecting them to a chemical digesting process. The concentrations of the targeted metals were measured using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and compared to the standards of the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA). The obtained results showed that the highest concentrations of the targeted metals were in site 1, while the lowest concentrations were detected at site 3. Generally, it was found that the concentrations of the studied metals followed the order: Cr>Pb>Ni>Cu. Additionally, it was noticed that all the measured concentrations were within the limitations of the SEPA.

ملخص البحث :

The main goal of this work is to contribute towards the basic understanding required to realize synthesis the MAX phases in bulk at high temperature. The phase stability of three different MAX phase systems Ti-Al-C, Cr-Al-C and V-Al-C has been investigated along this line. High purity powders were used as raw materials. They were mixed and then compacted under the pressure of 20 MPa. The compacted mixture was heated in an (Ar) atmosphere at a temperature range of (1000 - 1400) °C for (2-4) h. Finally, the sample was cooled down to room temperature. X-ray diffraction indicates that systems show a direct formation of MAX phase under these conditions. The SEM and optical microscopy results were used to confirm the structural features of the ternary phases and the less segregation or agglomeration. The results of sintering temperatures versus final density were discussed in terms of physical prthe operties evaluation and hardness to indicating the mechanical properties. Finally, the differential scanning calorimetric results, over the range of 25 to 650 ºC show that the reactions in all systems related directly to the Al melting point. It is obvious that the reactions in all these systems started at ∼600 ºC which may support this attitude. It is expected to contribute towards a better basic understanding of this fascinating class of solids. Furthermore, we try to evaluate the here-proposed novel low-temperature synthesis for other Mn+1AXn systems. This may release a new synthesis route for the mass production of materials with rather unique properties