ملخص البحث :

Water quality index (WQI) is a mathematical tool used to transform large quantities of water quality data into single number which represents water quality level. This research is accomplished to evaluate the quality of groundwater in Dibdiba aquifer/Kerbala city-Iraq for the purpose of drinking by using Water Quality Index (WQI). Groundwater samples were collected in April, 2010 from 20 wells. Various physicochemical parameters: pH, total dissolved solids, potassium, bicarbonate, sulphate, total hardness, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride have been calculated in all the water samples. In most of the parameters the concentration observed were found to be above the permissible limits of the Iraqi standard for drinking purpose. The results showed that WQI values for the groundwater of the study area ranged from 432.6 to 184.5, which mean water was found to be severely contaminated and unsuitable for drinking purpose at all sites of the wells. Also this research concluded that further improvement is required to treat the water of Dibdiba aquifer wells for using as drinking purpose. Keywords: Kerbala, Water Quality Index, groundwater, Iraq

ملخص البحث :

water quality index(WQI) in a simplified concept is a way for combining the complex water quality data into a single value or single statement. The present work is a trial to evaluate and classify the water quality of Al-Husseinieh River / Karbala Governorate-Iraq for irrigation purpose, by using the model of Irrigation water quality index (IWQI) developed in Brazil by Meireles et. al. (2010), this index can be reflects soil salinity, sodicity risks, water toxicity to plants and miscellaneous impacts on sensitive salts crops. Seventy two water samples were collected from three stations :(1-Um Al-Hammam, 2-Asalamih and 3-Bab-Baghdad) on Al-Husseinieh river from (January) until (December), 2011. These samples were analyzed for six parameters which were (EC), (Ca +2), (Mg +2), (Na +1), (HCO3-1) and (Cl-1). The results showed that the values of (IWQI) ranged from(70.04) to(83.63) and all stations fall within the 2nd category ''low restriction'', That means the river water quality is suited to irrigated soils with light texture. And Since the the nature of soil in irrigated lands on both sides of the river is clay loam (heavy texture) so the problem of soil sodicity may occurs. The researcher also recommends farmers to avoid grow salts sensitive plants to increase agricultural productivity in the study area

ملخص البحث :

The term water quality index is a method for combining multiple water quality data with a single numerical value. This value is indicative of the potential for water use in different consumer sectors such as the irrigation sector.The aim of the current study is to assess the groundwater of Green-Belt project which is a part of Dibdibba quarter within the boarder of Karbala governorate/Iraq for irrigation purposes. Groundwater samples were taken from (20) wells selected in study area in April 2019. The required measurements were conducted for each of these samples and the values of the following parameters were found; (pH), (EC), (K+1), (Ca+2), (Mg+2), (Na+1, (Cl-1 ), (SO4 -2) and (HCO3 -1 ). The Canadian Water Quality Index Model for Irrigation (CIWQI) and The Irrigation Water Quality Index Model (IWQI) presented by Meireles were applied to groundwater sampling test data. The results showed that the (CIWQI) values ranged from (20-38) and the groundwater quality for all wells were classified under “Poor water categories”. The (IWQI) values ranged between (25 -51) and the assessment of ground water quality showed that there were (50%) of the wells lies in “Severe Restrictions (SR) category” while 50% of the wells lies in “High Restriction (HR)category”. This means avoiding the cultivation of plants sensitive to salts in the study area and turning to cultivation of plants with moderate to high tolerance of salts.

ملخص البحث :

The increasing of temperature with reduction of rainfall in dry season led to reduce water areas which cause reduce the cultivation areas in Iraq and other countries. Effecting of drought causing negative action on crop productivity. The irrigation water shortage will impact on crops by stress of water as well water decreasing will increase salt concentration that will increase the salt stress cause influence on yield of crops. This research will study of stress by decreasing of water (deficit irrigation) on production of okra crops with both use subsurface water retention techniques (SWRT) and without use SWRT, then estimation differences after that calculate affection of salt on crop. The research was done in Babylon governorate in AlHindiya Barrage. The treatments A1 used drip irrigation system with SWRT technique and used deficit irrigation in some times, while A2 used trickle irrigation without SWRT and use deficit irrigation in some times. The results of treatment A1 showed the amount of applying water reduced to 7% than A2. Whereas the number of irrigations of A1 equal to A2. The yield of crop of A1 was more than of A2 by 15 %. The actual yield of A1 was impacted by water stress and salt were 0.01 kg/m2 and 0.011 kg/m2 respectively. The actual yield of A2 which impacted by water stress and salt were 0.079 kg/m2 and 0.085 kg/m2, respectively. The yield in A1 with SWRT and without stress and the yield of A2 without SWRT and without stress showed percent of increasing of 2.3%. The SWRT technique helps to stress resistance and drought resistance by using okra of loam soil

ملخص البحث :

The common tool to evaluate the groundwater quality is so-called the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI). In the present study, the IWQI model developed by Meireles is used to assess the quality of groundwater in Karbala - Najaf plateau, Iraq. The quality parameters that collected from groundwater tests of 78 wells in the study area are; EC, Na+1, Mg+2, Ca+2, Cl-1 , and HCO3 -1 . The SPSS software program is employed to develop a non-linear regression model of the IWQI for the study area. The results show that the IWQI values for 90% of groundwater wells fall within the Severe Restriction (SR) category, which means that it’s only suitable for irrigation of high salt tolerance crops. While its remaining 10% of the wells are in the High Restriction (HR) category, and this means it is suitable for irrigation of moderate to high salt tolerance crops. The calibration and validation for the developed model presented that this model has a good estimation of the IWQI values. Due to flexible and unbiased, the current study recommends to use the proposed model to estimate the IWQI.

ملخص البحث :

During the last five decades, a huge amount of water pollutants has been recorded in all water resources around the world. Therefore, the water quality has become an important indicator affecting the vitality and productivity of plants, which requires an effective technique to monitor all these pollutants. The main objective of this study is to assess the validity of groundwater for wells located within the boundaries of the Green Belt area in Karbala city/Iraq for irrigation of palm and olive trees. Whereas, the use of saline groundwater as an alternative to available fresh water will promote the sustainable development of water resources. The technique of Water Quality Index (WQI) is a reliable and widely used tool for assessing water quality for various sources, including groundwater. In this study, the Canadian water quality index (CWQI) model was applied to provide a database for planning and monitoring the quality of groundwater in wells located in the study area. Groundwater samples were taken from these wells and tested to find seven parameters which were; pH, CL, Mg, HCO3, EC, Na and Ca. The CWQI values of groundwater for the studied wells ranged from 30 to 35. According to the CWQI scale, the groundwater of all wells is classified as poor water. Therefore, the groundwater of all wells in the study area must be treated before it is used for the purpose of irrigation of palm and olive trees. This study concluded that to ensure good irrigation management in the study area, future changes of groundwater in the study area must be monitored

ملخص البحث :

Nowadays, with the increase of the demand for freshwater used to irrigate the agricultural lands, in the exchange for the severe shortage in the sources of the freshwater supply, the finding of alternatives becomes persistent need to compensate this shortage. One of the important alternatives is the reuse of the drainage water for irrigation. In the present study, the quality of the agricultural drainage water of the Al-Husseiniya irrigation project of Karbala governorate in Iraq is assessed and managed in order to reuse this water for irrigation. The Brazilian Water Quality Index (IWQI) model is used to evaluate the quality of the drainage water and the river water within the study area. As well, the quality of drainage water of six selected stations is improved by blending this water with the river water by using nine blending ratios. It is found that 75% of the values of the IWQI classification category of the drainage water are within the category of severe restriction, SR, and 25% of these values are within the category of high restriction, HR. Also, the results showed that the river water quality is within the IWQI category of low restriction, LR.

ملخص البحث :

,Due to its effect on deriving hydrological models and safe sewer and storm networks design, the anticipation of rainfall should be intensively studied. .Studying the rainfall events for Karbala , Iraq, has specific importance after the rapid increase in population in this city and the impact of climate changes beyond 2003.Herein, the maximum daily rainfall depth of Karbala city has been analysed to investigate and extract its probability of future occurrence using frequency analysis. Eight theoretical probability distribution which are; Weibull, Gama, Gumbel, Log normal, ‎Generalized extreme value , Normal, ‎Exponential, and Log-Pearson Type III were fitted utilising Hyfran plus software‎ to simulate the characteristics of the observed probability of rainfall depth. Based on the results of four statistical indicators, the exponential distribution revealed the best performance as compared with other distributions. Accordingly, ‎the synthetic storms of 24 hr were derived‎ for cumulative and incremental distribution of rainfall depth using the Soil Conservation Service method method type II for arid and semiarid region for recurrence periods ‎‎(T=2, 5, 10, 15, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500), also the intensity duration frequency curves were developed. As an essential finding, new validated empirical formula has been proposed to optimize the coefficients of location of Kerbela city which may fill the gap for predicting the rainfall intensity and improving storm management strategies in Iraq.

ملخص البحث :

Reuse wastewater for irrigation purposes can be a realistic solution to the problem of water scarcity in Iraq. This paper was conducted to study the specifications of influent and effluent wastewater of two treatment plants, Muharram Easha and Al-Menfhan which is located in Iraq/Karbala city/Al-Hindiyah district to evaluate the efficiency of the two plants and to assess the possibility of re-use the effluent water for irrigation purpose. The variables that have been examined in this paper are Biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), degree of alkalinity (pH), nitrate (NO3-N),(fat, oil and grease)(FOG), total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride (Cl-1), and sulfate (SO4-2). The results showed that the mean values of removal efficiency of (BOD) and (COD) for Muharram Easha plant were between 88% and 84% respectively while the mean values for these parameters for Al-Menfhan plant were between 87% and 79% respectively. The mean values of removal efficiency of TSS and FOG for Muharram Easha plant were between 79% and 71% respectively and the mean values of these parameters for Menfhan plant were between 74% and 75% respectively. The results illustrated that according to Jordanian standards for wastewater reuse in irrigation JS 893/2006, the effluent wastewater for Al-Menfhan wastewater treatment plant can be reuse for irrigation purpose.

ملخص البحث :

The infiltration means the movement of water downwards and interring the soil through its surface. The measurement and determination of the infiltration rate has a great need for the planning and design of water resources projects, agricultural projects, calculating the amount of runoff to avoid flooding and the transfer of pollutants to surface water sources. The present study is a field work to measure the infiltration rate by using a double ring infilitrometr. Field experiments were carried out at three different locations of the soil in a Technical Institute of Karbala that located in AL-Jadwal Al-Gharbi district within the borders of Karbala city in Iraq. Repeated water depth readings were taken at intervals of (1, 1, 1, 2, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 10, 10, 10, 20, 20, and 20) minutes. Depending on the filed results, Horton&# 39; s equation in the three locations were determined. Soil texture was analyzed and was found to be Silty Sand (SM) to Clayey Sand (SC). The results of field measurements showed that the values of constant infiltration rate were; 6, 4.2 and 2.1 cm/hr in the locations; 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Based on the ratio of the filed values of initial infiltration rate to steady state infiltration rate, the soil in the three locations were classified as high permeable soils. The Horton’s model gives a good fittings with the filed infiltrations results and the correlation coefficient (R2) were (0.8001, 0.9167, 0. 9253) in the locations; 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The result showed that the steady infiltration rate (FC) increase with increase of effective diameter (D10), and that there is a significant correspondence between the field measurements values;(FC (Filed)) with their the calculated …