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Abstract Background & Objective: Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent disease among women around the world, considered the world's leading cause of death (15% of the total cancer deaths) in women in 2018. β-catenin is a multifunctional protein located in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of the cell. Several studies suggested that β-catenin expression plays a critical role in cancer invasion and metastasis. This research sought to examine β-catenin expression in breast cancer and its associations with clinico-pathological features (such as histopathological types, grade, and invasion depth of tumor as well as lymph node involvement) and breast cancer patient survival. Methods: The study was performed in the period from 1 January to July 2019 on 40 female breast cancer patients. The control group involved 40 healthy females with no history of cancer. Tissue blocks from histologically confirmed patient and control subjects were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin . β-catenin was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: The immunohistochemical study of the subcellular localization of β-catenin demonstrated that 75% of the patients showed 1-3 score for β- catenin compared to only 27.5% of controls who had such score, with a highly significant difference. Conclusions: The use of β-catenin IHC markers can be effective throughout the treatment of progressive BC.

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Breast cancer is caused by malignant cells in the breast tissue and is still one of the main medical concerns, especially for women, with socio-economic significance. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development, growth, and invasion of breast cancer. Glutathione and Catalase deficiency contributes to oxidative stress, which plays a key role in aging and pathogenesis of many diseases, one of which is cancer. The aim of the study is to determine CAT activity and GSH concentration as an antioxidant in women having breast cancer and compared it with healthy control women. A serum of (40) breast cancer patients has been taken to estimate the levels of CAT and GSH. All studied patient's samples were female with a mean age (47.88±10.92) years old. The result of the study revealed that serum CAT activity in breast cancer patients was 4.17×10-4 nmol/L (range 0-20.83×10-4) which was far much lower than that of the control (median 12.5×10-4, range 0-125.63×10-4 nmol/L). Whereas, GSH concentration in patients was 6350 mmol/L (range 850-16450 mmol/L) which appeared significantly lower than the control groups (7950 mmol/L; range 7350- 15150 mmol/L).

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It has been shown in available evidence that osteocalcin can play a part in cancer pathogenesis and osteocalcin gene mutation can contribute to the development of cancer. The aim of this study is to determine serum osteocalcin associated with breast cancer (BC) among Iraqi women population. A sensitive biomarker for detecting early progression of bone metastasis is urgently required. Sixty participants were enrolled in this study. The subjects were divided into two groups: First group 40 women patients with breast cancer, second group 20 included healthy women. Serum was collected for measurement of osteocalcin levels. Compared with healthy controls, women with breast cancer (P<0.001) osteocalcin significantly decreased. In conclusion, our results identify decrease serum level of osteocalcin in patients relative to control of breast cancer.

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Breast cancer is the first among the top ten cancers as a significant public health issue for women in Iraq. The study was conducted to investigate the association of estrogen and progesterone risks in breast cancer. This study contained sixty paraffin blocks divided into 40 samples of breast cancer blocks and 20 samples of normal breast tissues to examine the expression of estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors in Iraqi patients with breast cancer. The samples were immunohistochemical examined with Dako kits (Dako, Denmark), with higher scores suggesting the presence and density of these receptors (ER and PR). According to the findings of this investigation, the majority of patients were tested positive for ER and PR receptors. There is increasing evidence that ER and PR receptors have a role in the development of breast cancer, making it a desirable protein to become a key target for cancer treatment.

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The present study was conducted on eighteen adult male albino rats were divided into three groups, each group was included six animals. The first group was represented control group, the second group was intravenous injection (I/V) in the tail region at dose (0.4mg/kg. Body weight) of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), the third group was intravenous injection of (AgNPs) at dose (0.6mg/kg. Body weight) in the tail region. The histological findings was revealed increase in the epithelial lining folds and large amount of alveolar secretions of seminal vesicle in the second treated group, from another hand, the alveoli of prostate were enlarged. While the seminal vesicles of the third treated group was appeared shortening in alveoli folds, connective tissue hyperplasia, and the seminal vesicle alveoli was enlarged, the prostatic tissue was revealed distraction in the epithelial lining of some prostatic alveoli, beside, some prostatic alveoli were enlarged and oozing of prostatic alveoli secretion into interstitial tissue.

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Objective: The present study investigated the effects of different dose levels of Zinc oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on the liver and kidney tissues in albino male mice. Methadology: ZnO NPs was administrated as a daily oral dose of (150, 350 mg/kg body weight) gavage for 2 weeks. Eighteen male mices were used by dividing them into three groups. Result: Histopathological examination of kidney and hepatic tissues treated with ZnO NPs showed toxicity changes compared with control group. Conclusion:This study demonstrated the ability of ZnO NPs to effect on kidney and liver tissues. Recommendation: More study needed to know the effect of different doses of nanoparticles on human health.

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The study aims to investigate the effects of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on the seminiferous tubules in Albino rats. Several in vitro studies have been performed in different cell models, using various nanoparticles. Pure and spherical AgNPs with an average size of 30 nm, was injected into two groups of male albino rats (6 rats for each group) in different doses. Histopathological changes in testis tissues were showed a harmful effect of the silver nanoparticles, manifested by reducing the number of spermatogenic cells, and a decrease in the number of leyidg´s cells (group 1), and hypotrophy in seminiferous and enlargement in interstitial spaces in group 2.

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Objective: In this study ,the effects of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs)were investigated on the liver and kidney tissues. Methodology: The produced nanoparticles have an average particle size of about 30 nm. Eighteen male albino rats were used by dividing them into three groups, each group comprise 6 rats. First group(control group) given food and water like other groups by liberty. Second group was tail injected by (AgNPs) at dose of (0.4 mg/kg. body weight/day). Third group was injected by (AgNPs) at dose of (0.6 mg/kg. body weight/day) for 15 days. All animals were sacrified at the end of experiment. The liver and kidney tissues specimens were fixed in 10% formalin and histological preparations were carried out then stained with H&E. Pathological changes in liver and kidney tissues were showed. Results: Histopathological studies revealed the harmful effect of the silver nanoparticles uses on the liver and kidney rats, second group that treated with Ag NPs (0.4 mg/kg.body.weight/day), kidney sections showed enlargement of collecting tubules, increase in interstitial tissue medulla, necrosis and enlargement in proximal and distal convoluted tubules. Liver showed enlargement of the central vein and degeneration of hepatic cells. Third group that treated with Ag NPs (0.6 mg/kg. body weight/day); kidney sections showed hyperplasia of the interstitial connective tissue of renal medulla with hemorrhages, renal cortex showed, degenerative changes and necrosis of proximal and distal convoluted tubules. Liver section showed congestion and necrosis of hepatic cells. Conclusion: Silver nanoparticles cause damage in liver and kidney tissues. Recommendation: Further study is needed for the effect of Ag NPs on the other tissues.

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Objective: Across section analytic study was carried out to identify the effect of folic acid on birth of pregnant women at Al-Najaf government and to determine the statistical significant differences between folic acid and some variables. Methodology: A purposive sample of (1054) of pregnant women was selected from Al-Zahra maturity pediatric hospital, data was collected through the interview of women. Question forma was designed and contained (3) parts demographic variables, reproductive variables and variables related to effect of folic acid. Results: Descriptive and in fevential statistical procedures were used to analyze the data. The result of the study revealed that the age of women was ranged between (21-25) years and the highest percentage of them house wife (640).The result indicate that a significant association between takes folic acid and congenital anomalies. The present study was revealed that the percent of normal deliveries (38.9%), while in cesarean sections (58.8%). In normal deliveries the percent of congenital anomalies was (1.2%), and the percent of congenital anomalies in cesarean sections was (0.9%). Conclusion: The study concluded that there was a significant difference between taking folic acid and congenital anomalies Recommendation: According to these finding it is recommended to emphasize on prenatal care early as possible and education improve health services presented to the mother during pregnancy that the health team must take the role in reducing the incidence of congenital anomalies by taking folic acid.

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Background: The present study was conducted on the three Mellivora tongues, and the tongue was divided into three portions, apex, body and base. The tongue was tapered at the apex, wider in the middle and had elevation at the base, which termed torus linguae. The tongue is triangular in shape, and the length of tongue ranged between 58-60 mm. The dorsum linguae of this wild animal were characterized by presence of median groove. Methods: After killing, the Mellivora capensis were skinned and the heads were dissected to approach the tongue. The tongues were prepared for morphometric and morphological studies. Results: The morphological study revealed five types of lingual papillae (filiform, conical, fungiform, circumvallate and foliate). The filiform were numerous and scattered on the entire dorsal and lateral surfaces. They were thread like projections, and found in different forms (single, bifurcated, trifurcated and serrated end). The conical papillae were found among the filiform papillae with rounded ends. The fungiform papillae have dome or mushroom-shapes and distributed at the apex of the tongue. The circumvallate papillae were globular or circular shapes and surrounded by trench and located at posterior of tongue between the end of body and torus linguae. The foliate papillae were found on the posterio-lateral surface of the tongue, ridges-shaped and were separated by grooves. Conclusion: The present study showed five types of dorsal lingual papillae: filiform, conical, fungiform, cicumvallate and foliate.

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Objective: To evaluate the influence of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on Albino male mice reproductive system. Methodology: Albino male mice were used in this study, divided to three groups (6 mice to each):control group, first treated (150mg/kg.bw.) and second treated (350mg/kg.bw.). Result:After animal dissected, we tacked organs of reproductive system (testis, prostate, seminal vesicles and epididymis).The change in all tissues of reproductive system showed in (350mg/kg. bw.) dose treated with ZnO NPs, While the changes showed only in seminal vesicles and epididymis in the groups treated with (150mg/kg.bw.ZnONPs). Conclusion: The study established that a significant negative effect of ZnO NPs on Albino male mice reproductive tissues.Recommendation: Study the mechanism of ZnO NPs inside the body to know how can effects on body tissues.

ملخص البحث :

Objective: To evaluate the influence of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on Albino male mice reproductive system. Methodology: Albino male mice were used in this study, divided to three groups (6 mice to each):control group, first treated (150mg/kg.bw.) and second treated (350mg/kg.bw.). Result:After animal dissected, we tacked organs of reproductive system (testis, prostate, seminal vesicles and epididymis).The change in all tissues of reproductive system showed in (350mg/kg. bw.) dose treated with ZnO NPs, While the changes showed only in seminal vesicles and epididymis in the groups treated with (150mg/kg.bw.ZnONPs). Conclusion: The study established that a significant negative effect of ZnO NPs on Albino male mice reproductive tissues.Recommendation: Study the mechanism of ZnO NPs inside the body to know how can effects on body tissues.