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Abstract. Usually, all correction operations or methods that are used to correct the coordinates or the closing error are based on ready-made data or imported by one of the online sites, but in this study it took in the city of Basra, specifically in the West Qurna 1 , exactly in the sixth oil production station (the outer part) From the station or the complementary project of the station) the formation of connecting traverses was carried out for the construction of this complementary project, which consists of steel structure, oil pipes and gas-burning flares. . This instrument, which was purchased, is a Leica TS10 type, with an accuracy of only one second. This instrument has the ability to withstand high temperatures, in addition to its speed of performance, and it contains a smart screen that facilitates the user's work. Initially, it was relied on points monitored by GPS and previously corrected and relied upon in the construction of the interior of the station, two points were pulled by the Total Station and the occupied station’s card, then, as it is known,furthermore, all the traverse points were monitored, which means measuring distances and angles (subtracting two directions) As is also common, two readings were taken for each observation, once in t he right direction and once in the left direction. This data was brought to the Civil 3D software and was corrected by the method of least squares, and from the following we will present in the body of this study all the details and steps that have been taken.This paper offering the general summary for a least squares adjustment of a traverse networks by Variation of Coordinates. A method of constraining bearings, distances and angles in the traverse network is delineated and necessary matrix equations developed for solution. Equations are also have been developed which qualify precisions of adjusted bearings and distances to be estimated.

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A comparison was made between the different phenomena of the land cover using satellite images imaged at multiple wavelengths from electromagnetic energy sources, where the spectral reflectivity curves of the terrestrial phenomena in the research area were obtained by analyzing the data using the (ERDAS) program to obtain spectral reflectivity charts. It was found that there is a relationship between the binary coordinates and the three-dimensional coordinates with the spectral reflection coefficient of the phenomenon. Satellite images (T.M & M.S) were used in this research. The main spectral groups of natural phenomena that represent (soil, water and plants) and the overlap between them, which affects the spectral reflectivity values of those phenomena, were studied. They differ in their basic components, in addition to the units of vegetation). The study also showed that many of the Earth's surface phenomena under study can be distinguished, located and studied based on their spectral characteristics. In addition, some land covers cannot be separated using a single wavelength, so the concept of multiple wavelengths using more than one wavelength was used to determine the types of land features prevailing in the region, as shown in the attached figures at the end of the research.

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Abstract. AThe Bridge Maintenance Management System (BMMS) is an application system that uses existing data from a Bridge Management System database for monitoring and analysis of current bridges performance, as well as for estimating the current and future maintenance and rehabilitation needs of the bridges. In a transportation context, the maintenance management is described as a cost-effective process to operate, construct, and maintain physical money. This needs analytical tools to support the allocation of resources, materials, equipment, including personnel, and supplies. Therefore, Geographic Information System (GIS) can be considered as one tool to develop the road and bridge maintenance management system. This research aims to use GIS to create a database for bridge maintenance system. Two study areas have been chosen: the old construction bridge (Al-Qadisiyah) and the newly constructed bridge (Barboty). Both of them are in Al-Muthanna city\Iraq. The creation of database was based on field surveying data. In order to monitor the damages and decline of the bridges, four periodically observations have been achieved. The first analysis of the observations was conducted by graphical analysis which gave the results between all the observations. The second part of analysis included the process of documenting the cracks observed in both study areas via hyperlink tool. This tool can display each of the bridge cracks in the form of window that contains full information for each crack such as, photo of the crack, station number of the crack, coordinates of the crack, type of crack, the crack description, and risk levels of the crack. This information may help to save cost, time and effort to decision makers in the relevant institutions.

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iasj.net Development of Bridges Maintenance Management System based on Geographic Information System Techniques (Case study: AlMuthanna\Iraq)‏ Saif Abdul Ameer Wattan, Maythm Al-Bakri‏ Journal of Engineering 25 (7), 21-36, 2019‏ A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computerized database management system for accumulating, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display spatial data. In general, GIS contains two broad categories of information, geo-referenced spatial data and attribute data. Geo-referenced spatial data define objects that have an orientation and relationship in two or three-dimensional space, while attribute data is qualitative data that can be counted for recording and analysis. The main aim of this research is to reveal the role of GIS technology in the enhancement of bridge maintenance management system components such as the output results, and make it more interpretable through dynamic colour coding and more sophisticated visualization techniques than the conventional tabular data format. To achieve the main objective of this research, two study areas have been chosen: the old construction bridge (Al-Qadisiyah bridge) and the newly constructed bridge (Barboty bridge). Both of them are in Al-Muthanna city\Iraq. The data collection process was achieved in two stages: the first stage is providing a georeferenced satellite image for each study area for the purpose of producing a two-dimensional map. The second stage includes the field surveying process by total station and level instruments. عرض على iasj.net iasj.net [PDF] تم اقتباسها في عدد: 7 مقالات ذات صلة الإصدارات الـ 9كلها search.ebscohost.com Development of Bridges Maintenance Management System based on Geographic Information System Techniques (Case study: Al-Muthanna\Iraq).‏ Saif Abdul AmeerWattan, Maythm Al-Bakri‏ Journal of Engineering (17264073) 26 (9), 2020‏ Abstract A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computerized database management system for accumulating, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display spatial data. In general, GIS contains two broad categories of information, geo-referenced spatial data and attribute data. Geo-referenced spatial data define objects that have an orientation and relationship in two or three-dimensional space, while attribute data is qualitative data that can be counted for recording and analysis. The main aim of this research is to reveal the role of GIS technology in the enhancement of bridge maintenance management system components such as the output results, and make it more interpretable through dynamic colour coding and more sophisticated visualization techniques than the conventional tabular data format. To achieve the main objective of this research, two study areas have been chosen: the old constructionbridge (Al-Qadisiyah bridge) and the newly constructed bridge (Barboty bridge). Both of them are in Al-Muthanna city\Iraq. The data collection process was achieved in two stages: the first stage is providing a georeferenced satellite image for each study area for the purpose of producing a two-dimensional map. The second stage includes the field surveying process by total station and level instruments. GIS have been used to create a comprehensive database (Geodatabase) for both study areas. Geostatistical analysis was carried out in which the settlement areas of both study areas were defined by producing a colour image. The statistical tables for these analyses showed that the highest decline in the elevation reached at Al-Qadisiyah bridge to 19 mm in the middle of the bridge which is coloured as a red areas. On the other hand, it was found that the highest decline in the elevation of the Barboty bridge is 16 mm in the last part of steel space which is also coloured as a red areas