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Pollen morphology of 7 species belonging to 5 genera of the tribes Euclideae, Hesperideae,Mathioleae, Arabideae and Lepidieae from Brassicaceae family were investigated using light andscanning electron microscope. The study showed that the pollen grains are a stenopalynous havetricolporate to tetracolporate in Anchonium elichrysifolium. The ornamentation is reticulate andthe shape is spheroidal in equatorial view and oblate to spheroidal in polar view. The studyreported also little differences in quantitative characters between all species studied.

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Background: The mint and basil plants (M. spicata L. and O. basilicum L.) of the labiate family were used in the study. Methods: A qualitative chemical detection regarding several active chemicals in the leaves of M. spicata L. and O. basilicum L. was part of the investigation. Results: The findings revealed that both species include flavonoids and glycosides, yet tannins and saponins were not found in the leaves extract of O. basilicum, and volatile oils were found in the alcoholic extract at a rate of 4.5% in the leaves of O. basilicum. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) was used to detect six chemical active groups include (O-H, C=H, C=C, C=N, C-O, C-N). Our findings revealed the presence of alkaloid; the extraction yield for volatile oils in M. spicata species is 3%. As for the presence of nutrients in the type, the highest percentage of Calcium is in species O. basilicum. Conclusions: The presence of effective chemical compounds in O. basilicum and M. spicata leaves indicates its importance as a source of useful drugs and the importance of chemical components in the pharmaceutical industries, as well as enhancing the importance of its use in folk medicine as a safe treatment for many diseases.

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Isolation of the genomic DNA from leaves of the species under study belonging to different familieswith concentrations ranging between (70-163ng/ml) and purity of (1.75-2) which was estimated by aNanodropdevice at the wavelengths of 260 - 280 nm, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) andThe Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR).The discrepancies between the replicated pieces of eachspecies (their numbers and molecular sizes) were detected after the replication products of thesamples were migrated onto the agarose gel and stained. With the stain of Red safe stainingsolution,(20) selected primers showing varied outcomes of multiplication among the speciesexamined, as those primers showed with (RAPD) Marker (189) polymorphic bands out of (197) totalmain bands, While with (ISSR) Marker (52) polymorphic bands out of (56) total main bands.For RAPD-PCR analysisit gave the primers OP-E20, OP-L05, OP-L20 and OP-M05 and OP-V19unique fingerprints for each genotype, but this did not apply to other primers.While, ISSR- PCRanalysisthe primers UBC842 and A35, UBC480, and A34 are uniquely fingerprinted for each genotype,but this did not apply to other primers.These methods were good in diagnosing the species understudy

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nethum graveolens L. (Dill) belong to the Apiaceae family This plant is extractedeither in the form of powders or oils from different parts of the plant, including the leaves,seeds, flowers, or the aerial part of the plant. It contains many activity secondary metabolismcompounds. These compounds are of nutritional, medicinal and natural therapeutic value. Theyare considered high antioxidants that are used as a treatment for humans or as flavorings forfoods.The aim of the review know the pharmaceutical and biological characteristics of dill.

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The species Fagonia burguieri, Zygophyllum coccineum, Zygophyllum fabago belong to the family Zygophyllaceae of the order Zygophyllales, includes about six genera in Iraq. The chemical compounds of the leaves of these species, as 59 compounds were observed, the lowest number of chemical compounds 14 were recorded in the leaves of Fagonia burguieri, while the highest number 24 were recorded in the leaves of Zygophyllum coccineum and also 21 chemical compounds were recorded in Zygophyllum fabago. By comparing the chemical content, it was noticed that all the studied types were similar by containing the compounds: Oleic Acid, Cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl- , cis-Vac acid, 3-Isopropoxy-1,1,1,7,7,7- hexamethyl-3,5,5-tris(trimethylsiloxy)tetrasiloxane, 13-Octadecenal, (Z)- , 9- Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester, Mercaptoacetic acid, bis(trimethylsilyl)- and Morphinan. The results showed that the studied species can be separated using chemical analysis information.