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This research project focuses on investigating the impact of partial shading on photovoltaic (PV) panels and proposes methodsto enhance their efficiency using Python programming. Partial shading can significantly reduce the performance of PV panels by creating imbalances in current and voltage outputs. By leveraging Python's computational capabilities, this study aims to develop simulation models and algorithms that accurately capture the behavior of shaded PV panels.The objectives of this research include building a comprehensive understanding of partial shading effects, developing a Python-based simulation framework, analyzing theimpact of different shading patterns on PV panel efficiency, investigating novel techniques toenhance efficiency using Python, and evaluating proposed approaches through simulations and experimental validation.Through this investigation, we aim to contribute to the development of improved strategies for the design and operation of PVsystems. By mitigating the negativeeffects of shading and enhancing PV panel efficiency, we can further promote the adoption of sustainable solar energy solutions. The outcomes of this research have the potential to advance the field of solar energy and facilitate a greener and cleaner future.Also,thispaper aims to investigate the impact of partial shading on photovoltaic (PV) panels and explores methods to enhance their efficiency using Python. Partial shading can significantly reduce the overall output of PV systems, leading to suboptimal performance. By analyzing shading patterns and implementing intelligent algorithms, we can optimize PV panel configuration and improvetheir efficiency. In this study, the Python programming language will be utilizedto develop simulation models, perform data analysis, and propose solutions for increasing the efficiency of shaded PV panels

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The electronic structure, elastic and optical properties with wide energy band gap (Eg) in mixedcrystal semiconductors containing As-doped BN are reported. Density functional calculations(DFT) were performed for comprehensive detection and understanding of structural, optoelectronic, and elastic properties for mixed semiconductors in the cubic phase. When applyingVegard’s law for As, BN, and mixed alloys based on BN1− xAsx, where x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1,we observed that the distortion of the lattice constants was slight to different condensations.Calculations of Eg values found that the values decreased with an increase in (x) condensation.The bulk modulus, and other elastic parameters were computed and confirmed that the alloys aremechanically stable. The calculations of dielectric Ɛ(ω), refractive index n(ω), higher absorptionα(ω) peaks, and other coefficients confirm that BN1− xAsx alloys are favourable for practicalphotovoltaics. The results confirm that mixed semiconductors have great interest in nextgeneration optoelectronic devices. This work provides a route for optoelectronic applications.

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The ordinary cable and transformer selection method is based on the safety guidelines and voltage level withoutconcerning the power loss produced during the operation of the cables and transformers. Therefore, this paperaims to discuss the impact of losses on the selection of distribution cables and transformers. The methodology usedin the optimization is based on minimum life-cycle cost methodology which proposed to balance investment costand cost of losses throughout the technical lifespan of the cable and transformer. Apart from that, some otherfactors which contribute to the selection are also taken into account, such as power factor, interest rate, andenergy price. In this paper, urban, sub-urban, and rural Malaysian medium voltage (MV) reference networks (RNs)have been considered. The DIgSILENT power factory software was used to perform time-series load flow simulation.The results obtained show that the total losses of the three RNs reduced between 4.52% to 10.85% after changingthe cables and transformers to the optimal selection.

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Decentralized renewable energy resources have been identified as one of the promising ways to sustainthe future energy demands. However, most of the energy produced by renewable energy resources,particularly the Photovoltaic (PV) system is intermittent in nature and often fluctuates. In thisregard, this paper utilizes Malaysian Reference Networks model, with the aim to analyse the effects ofsolar PV integration with medium voltage (MV) network under various solar variability conditions.For validation, network losses and voltage profiles had been evaluated on various PV variabilityprofiles using DIgSILENT power factory software. The impact of solar generation variability ontransformer On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC) had been investigated through the utilization of fivetypes of solar variability day in Malaysia; compiled as one-minute resolution. In addition, urban,sub-urban, and rural MV networks had been considered in this study. The results presented in thispaper show that proper allocation of PV plants can help to reduce network losses and improve voltageprofiles. Rural network incurred the highest number of tap changes in OLTC to control the voltagelevel, compared to urban and sub-urban networks.

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It is important for integrating Photovoltaic (PV) systems with battery energy storage in the distributionnetwork for the enablement of continued uptake of PV system installations. The escalating interestpertaining the environmental and climatic change concerns has encouraged the integration of renewableresources such as PV system into power distribution networks worldwide, which will be essential towardsthe achievement of a sustainable future. The PV systems development has resulted in a number ofconcerns which include intermittency of supply, reverse power flow, and voltage rises. Hence, this papercompares the various techniques for solar power smoothing. Moreover, two kinds of BESS models wereused in charging the distributed storage units during midday, of which the power from the solar PVwould be higher than the load level. The energy that is stored is next utilized for the reduction of the peakload in the evening and early morning. Urban and Rural Malaysian medium voltage Reference Networks(RNs) have been considered, the effect of various configurations of PV systems have been offset withBattery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). From this, combinations of PV and storage that are mosteffective at mitigating the issues were explored.

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The system performance of a grid-connected solar photovoltaic system is one of the most important parameters to monitor the health of the system. This study aims to evaluate the performance of three (3) PV module technologies, namely Thin-Film (TF), Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin layer (HIT) and monocrystalline which are installed at Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) under Malaysia tropical climate conditions. Actual annual solar resources and PV system's energy output were recorded for two (2) consecutive years, i.e., 2014-2015 using the weather station and solar monitoring system installed in the laboratory. The annual average final yield of the PV systems ranged from 1452-1579.5 kWh/kWp/year. The average annual performance ratio of the 3 PV systems ranged from 80-91.4% while the average annual capacity factor of the 3 PV systems ranged from 16.5-18%. The average annual system losses of the 3 PV systems ranged from 154.46-302.15 kWh/kWp while the average annual array capture losses of the 3 PV systems ranged from -6.36-59.71 kWh/kWp. Outdoor assessment shows that the thin-film PV system had the highest performance ratio and capacity factor. Furthermore, the thin-film PV system produced the lowest system losses and array capture losses, compared to HIT and monocrystalline PV systems.

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One of the dangerous and common attacks against wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is wormhole. In this attack, an adversary established two malicious nodes in two areas of the network environment which are far from each other and creates a particular and high-speed link between these two nodes as wormhole channel. This attack has an adverse effect on routing algorithms. Malicious nodes at both ends of the wormhole channel exchange messages of two areas which are far from each other, as a result of which nodes of these areas considered to be neighbors. In this study, an algorithm is proposed to handle the wormhole attack in WSNs. The main idea of the proposed algorithm is to collect spatial and neighborhood information by mobile patrol nodes in the network environment to detect malicious nodes. In the proposed algorithm, there are a number of patrol nodes whichwalkin the network and gather required information from different points of the network to detect wormhole attack. The proposed algorithm is simulated and its efficiency is evaluated in terms of detection rate and location estimation of malicious nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is able to detect 100% of malicious nodes which is favorable compared to the basic algorithm.

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The aim of this paper is to utilize the advantages of Photovoltaic (PV) system in the field of motor drives. PV system is a promising field which has a great interest of many researchers and industries. This is due to its less effects to the environment, less operating cost and its suitability where the PV energy is extracted from the sun. Induction motor drives are very important field in which they used in various industrial and consumer applications. The construction of induction motor drive require a DC voltage to operate the inverter. Commonly this DC voltage is obtained from converted AC line voltage. This is require additional conversion and filtering circuits in order to supply the required DC voltage to the inverter. In the proposed design of this paper, a PV system is used to supply the required DC voltage to the inverter in order to reduce the construction cost and complexity of the induction motor drive with a converted DC source. The motor drive with a DC source and with PV system were designed utilizing MATLAB/SIMLINK environment. Performance comparisons of the two designs were carried out in terms of speed, current and torque response. The results shows that, drive performance with PV system is better than the drive performance with DC source in terms of overshoot, rise time, settling time, speed variation and load disturbance.

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The Malaysian government has introduced the Net Energy Metering (NEM) programme in November 2016 as one of the measures toencourage the development of renewable energy in Malaysia. In light of this, this paper aims to investigate the feasibility of installingsolar photovoltaic system in UTeM under this NEM scheme. To achieve this, historical solar irradiation profiles were obtained fromthe commercially available database. This is to estimate the expected solar output generation. This is important as the amount of solargeneration will ultimately translate into the revenue that is needed to justify the investment decision. As a state funded university,UTeM is enjoying a special subsided electricity tariff rate. Hence, the analyses have suggested that the rate of return of such aninitiative is relatively low and unattractive for the investor in the economic point of view.