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Abstract Introduction: Diabetic nephropathy is among the most important microvascular consequences of diabetes (DN). It is marked by a higher excretion rate of urine albumin, a blood pressure rising, and a deterioration in renal function, all of which contribute to end-stage renal disease. Insulin resistance and obesity have been linked to retinol binding protein (RBP), a newly identified adipocytokine. Peripheral tissues, such as the liver and adipose tissues, produce retinol binding protein. Aim of study: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential utility of retinol binding protein (RBP) as a biomarker for type 2 diabeticnephropathy detection. Methodology: Patients with long-term TRDM and healthy control subjects were recruited for this case control research 50 patients (26 Wales and 24 female) selected from renal and diabetic centers in Al-Saader medical city in the period from March 2022 to May 2022. Results: The findings of these studies indicated a significant increase in biochemical parameters in DN patient other than healthy control. Conclusion: This research found that the following in persons with type 2 diabetes, RBP levels can be utilized as a biomarker for the early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy. Further studies should be conducted to cover a larger number of patients and to approve the findings

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ABSTRACT Infertility, which is typically defined in the scientific context as the failure to conceive after 12 months of frequent unprotected intercourse, is one occurrence that has become increasingly characterized as a medical disease. Walnut (Juglanse persica), a significant crop that produces nutritious nuts, and a vital components of good diets have been linked to a longer lifetime. Some walnut by-products, such as leaves or green husks, have been described and shown to contain beneficial chemicals such as tocopherols and phenolic compounds. The samples included 3-month old adult male white rats with an average weight of 150-250 grams. The experiment employed 60white adult male rats for 60 days, from May 15 to July 15th, 2021. The rats were split into three groups at random, each with 12 rats. After receiving the appropriate food and drink, the first group returned to the control group. The results showed significant increases in LH, FSH and Testosterone levels (p<0.05) of blood serum in rats treated with walnut extract compared to those in the control group. Finally, walnut intake and delivery of walnut seeds resulted in the increased LH, FSH, and Testosterone levels, as well as elevations in the viability and sperm production of male albino rats.

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Objectives: To evaluate the hormonal parameters efficacy as markers for polycystic Ovaries in women. Methodology: This is a case-control study containing fourteen samples of female polycystic ovarian patients. According to age, it is separated into four groups. Their ages ranged from 15 to 55 years old. Between October 2021 and February 2022, samples were obtained from patients at Al-Sadder Hospital center / Najaf Ashraf. A total of fourteen volunteers were used as a control group in this investigation. The study is explained to both the patients and controls group. Results: The age difference between the cases and the controls was not significant.Residence, or education. Between women with PCOS and controls, none of the hematological markers showed any significant changes. (e.g., HGB, RBC, WBC, and platelet). The mean LH, PRL, FSH and AMH,DHEA was significantly higher in those with polycystic ovarian syndrome Patients in Comparison with Control (P < .001). Conclusion: The study concluded that AMH and DHEA hormones play vital roles in polycystic Ovaries, An overabundance of androgens damages the endocrine and immunological systems, as well as causing metabolic changes.

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Introduction: Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease, and steroid hormones, especially estrogens and progesterone, are among the most important risk factors. Some conditions such as pregnancy, early menarche, late age at first full-term pregnancy, and use of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), which increase the risk of estrogen exposure, also increase the risk of breast cancer. This study aimed to evaluate OCP use-related hormonal changes as a risk factor for breast cancer in young women in Najaf. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 75 breast cancer patients and 25 healthy women between January and June 2021 at Al-Sader Teaching Hospital and the Middle Euphrates Cancer Center in Najaf city, Iraq. After obtaining written informed consent, the researchers drew 5 ml of venous blood from each participant and analyzed the samples using the cobas® e 411 analyzer. Estrogen and progesterone serum levels were measured to evaluate the relationship between the use of OCPS and breast cancer. Results: The mean serum level of estrogen in breast cancer patients with and without a history of OCP use (159.80 pg/ml 168.23 pg/ml, respectively) was significantly higher compared with the control group (95.48 pg/ml). The mean serum levels of progesterone in patients with and without a history of OCP use were 4.9 and 4.12 pg/ml, respectively, which in users was higher than in the control group (4.3 pg/ml, P= 0.01). Conclusion: This study found that using OCPS was associated with a higher risk for breast cancer. This issue can be considered in health policies to control breast cancer incidence.

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The human sex organs, which comprise the male and female reproductive systems, are part of the entire reproductive process. Having offspring that have the same characteristics as their parents is the ultimate objective of reproduction. It is necessary for humans to have a male and a female reproductive system for sexual reproduction. The female reproductive system is mostly concerned with ovulation. In most anisogamous species, female reproductive cell or gamete is the egg cell or ovum (Plural ova) (organisms that reproduce sexually with a larger, female gamete and a smaller, male one). To describe a situation in which the female gamete is unable to migrate, the word (non‐motile). Exogamous sexual reproduction occurs when a male gamete (sperm) may migrate independently of the female gamete.

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The thyroid disease is a common disease of occurrence for different causes which including thyroid hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism that reflecting deficient and excess thyroid hormone secretion respectively . There are relationship between thyroid hormones and metabolism and the metabolic rate through the influence of these hormones on the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins and thus energy produced from the hydrolysis of these compounds. In the present study, after blood sample was collected from twenty adults was conducted on newly clinical and laboratory diagnosed patients of thyroid disease and twenty healthy control group, thyroid hormone analysis to determine the thyroid disease and estimate of serum electrolytes (Na, K) conc. with glucose and cholesterol also were determined. .This study suggested a significant degree association between thyroid hormone ( T3, T4, TSH) and electrolytes (Na, K) and glucose with cholesterol in the patients as compared with healthy groups. The results were revealed that serum TSH levels were significantly higher in cases (14.62± 16.07 μIU /ml) as compared to healthy group (1.349± 0.8096μIU/ml) at ( P < 0.05) and serum potassium(K) was significantly decreased (37.56 ± 4.922) in patients than control (40.87± 2.513) at ( P < 0.05), and the results of the present study showed a significant correlation between hormonal with electrolytes and biochemical criteria when compared with one another and with the healthy controls. The study concluded that the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and serum abnormal electrolyte with physiological parameters in that patients. As the results of this study it will be indicate that the serum electrolytes were significantly imbalanced in patients of thyroid disease , so it should be checked for serum electrolytes and biochemicals to prevent the possible complications

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ABSTRACT : Vitamin D is ‘‘a fat-soluble steroid hormone” ingested in the diet but the major produced occur through the skin after exposure to the solar ultraviolet rays in sunlight. Vitamin D deficiency ‘‘VDD” is now commonly accepted has been associated with a number of clinical and endocrine disorders. This study suggested a high degree association between Vitamin D deficiency ‘‘VDD” and risk of anemia in individuals with hypothyroidism. In the present study, after blood sample was collected from twenty adults (age 18 - 45 years) was conducted on newly clinical and laboratory diagnosed patients of hypothyroidism and twenty healthy control group. Thyroid hormone analysis to determine the hypothyroidism and estimate of serum 25(OH)D3 levels with blood measurement including hemoglobin concentration, ferritin, MCH, MCV, HCT also were determined. The results were revealed Vitamin D was significantly decreased (9.629 ± 2.773ng/ml) in patients than control (38.15 ± 22.73ng/ml) at ( P < 0.05) and serum TSH levels were significantly higher in cases (21.98 ± 17.24µIU /ml) as compared to healthy group (2.059 ± 2.334µIU/ml) at ( P < 0.05). And showed the results of the current study significant effects on hormonal and physiological blood criteria (HB, ferritin, MCH, MCV, HCT) when compared with one another and with the healthy controls. The study concluded that the relationship between Vitamin D deficiency and blood physiological parameters in that patients of hypothyroidism. These findings could have been useful in the diagnosis pathogenesis of hypothyroidism and anemia and the use in the supplementation of Vitamin D supplements as therapy for patients with anemia and hypothyroidism.

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The present study was designed to evaluate its effects of Quinine on body weight and its hepato-nephrotoxicity. Twenty mice were randomly divided into four different groups of five animals in each group, (600 mg/Kg, 650 mg/Kg, 700 mg/Kg and control) groups. The treatments were administered for two weeks. Quinine produces a significant increase in the mean values of body weights and aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and a total bilirubin level of treated mice of 700mg/kg group compared with the animals in the control group, compared with a control group.