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Many people across the world have been infected with Epstein Barr virus (EBV), a kind of a human herpes virus. Loss of kidney function happens progressively with time in those with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Individuals with CKD may be more susceptible to viral infections such as EBV due to their compromised immune systems. The purpose of this research is to quantify the frequency with which EBV infection occurs in patients with CKD in the Al-Najaf governorate. Blood samples from 50 people with CKD and 50 healthy controls were collected for the study at the Specialized Centre for Diseases and Kidney Transplant at Al-Sadder Medical City in Al-Najaf city. Nineteen of the CKD patients were men, whereas 31 were women. The age range of individuals who took part in the research varied from 17 to 47. The time frame for this study's data gathering was from January 2022 to December 2022. Fifty hemodialysis patients gave blood samples for analysis. Researchers measured anti-EBV IgG antibodies using the ELISA method to evaluate the efficacy of humoral immunity. Eleven (22% of all samples) were found to have positive results for Epstein Barr nuclear antigen2 (EBNA2) IgG. This number was 43.1% of all males and 38.4% of all females. However, the serum concentration was found to be statistically significantly higher in the age range of 17-26 years (p0.05) than in any other age group. The RT-qPCR method was also applied to detect EBV infection in the study. Only 18 (36% of the sample) of the 50 patients had positive RT-qPCR results for EBV. This number was 15.7% of all males and 48.4% of all females; however, the positivity rate increased to 71.4% in the (17-26) age group and decreased to 28.5% in those older than 57. Results from the control group were negative for EBNA2 IgG antibodies and EBV DNA. Findings of this research demonstrate that the prevalence of EBV antibodies is considerably higher among patients undergoing hemodialysis than in the group serving as a control, regardless of age. In addition, the results of the study support the use of real-time PCR for detecting EBV among patients with CKD, due to its high sensitivity and specificity

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The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a prevalent herpesvirus that commonly infects a substantial proportion of the global population. Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus has been hypothesized to be one of the environmental factors that contribute to the development of systemic lupus erythematosus. Our objective was to investigate the correlation between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation and the prognosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The study conducted Specialized Center for Diseases and Kidney Transplant in AL-Sadder Medical City in Al-Najaf Governorate involved obtaining blood samples from 50 hemodialysis patients and 50 healthy control. The data collection period for the study was from January to December 2022. The study collected blood samples from 50 hemodialysis cases. The researchers used RT-qPCR technique to detect EBV infection. Among the 50 patients, 18 (36%) tested positive for EBV using RT-qPCR. The ELISA technique was also used in the study to detect systemic lupus erythematosus by detecting the level of Anti-ds-DNA in all samples. The results showed that 19 (36%) of the samples tested positive for anti-dsDNA. Remarkably, among those who tested positive for EBV, 13 individuals (72.2%) were simultaneously positive for both EBV and SLE. We also examined serum levels of IL-10 and IL-18 in hemodialysis patients with both EBV and SLE. IL-10 and IL-18 concentrations in co-positive samples (EBV+ SLE) in hemodialysis patients showed significant differences, with IL-10 increasing by (379±55.2) and IL-18 increasing by (26.4±8.86), respectively, in comparison to the control group's levels of (207±5.9) for IL-10 and (11.7±0.72) for IL-18. The study's findings lead to the conclusion that patients undergoing hemodialysis exhibit demonstrate a greater incidence of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in comparison to the control group. Furthermore, the study indicates a significant increase in IL10 and IL18 levels in comparison to the control group.

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Diabetes mellitus patients are usually considered a high risk population for SARS – COV2 infection and shown blunted immune responses when vaccinated with different types of vaccines. Aims: The study aimed to compare the humoral immune response at one to six months post the second dose of BNT162b2, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and BBIBP-CorV vaccine in diabetes people. The humoral immune response was assessed by determining SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG antibodies, and SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Antibody inhibition %Materials and methods: A total of 180 participants with diabetes were eligible for analysis. chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLI) quantify SARS-COV-2 spike protein IgG antibody and Enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) was used to SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Antibody inhibition % at most during the six months after the second dose of vaccination. Results: BNT162b2 vaccine induce a highest levels of anti-S IgG antibody and NAB IH5% (25.66±1.67 AU\mL, 76.32±11.6% respectively), followed by ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (11.53±2.11 AU\Ml, 69.62±14.53 % respectively) and BBIBP-CorV (51.32±11.6 AU\Ml, 7.84±2.41 % respectively) (p<0.001) after six months post second dose of vaccination. The impaired antibodies response by BBIBP-CorV vaccine suggests that the vaccine may be less effective in generating a robust immune response in diabetes patients. Furthermore, Sex, Age, and duration were significantly correlated with levels of antibodies. Conclusions: The long-term humoral immunogenicity of several COVID-19 vaccinations in individuals with diabetes is clarified by this study. After six months, BNT162b2 exhibited better humoral immune responses followed by ChAdOx1nCoV-19 and BBIBPCorV vaccines. Sex, age, and duration after vaccination were correlated with IgG antibody levels and NAB-IH%. These results emphasize the significance of taking into account the type of vaccine and the patients' long-term immune responses when developing an effective COVID-19 immunization strategy.