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Opportunistic yeasts, such as Trichosporon and Candida species (spp.), are reported to cause high rates ofmorbidity and mortality in immunocompromised and underlying patients. This study was conducted toinvestigate the phenotypic and genotypic identification of yeast spp. isolated from diabetic patients in Al-Najafprovince, Iraq. Samples were collected from the depth of diabetic foot patients’ wounds. They were thencultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and incubated at 30°C to 35°C for 5 to 7 days for the growth ofyeast spp. The colonies were identified based on their microscopic features. Afterward, these yeast sampleswere cultured in CHROMagar for the isolation and identification of yeast spp. All collected samples werecultured on the SDA through the use of CHROMagar, which is considered a differential agar since the coloniesobtained from Candida intermedia and Trichosporon asahii appear in different colors on this media. ThePolymerase Chain Reaction assay was performed to amplify the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) andInternal transcribed spacer 4 (ITS4) sequences for the identification of the yeast spp. Furthermore, the productswere sequenced by the Sanger method and compared to the reference global sequences in the national center forbiotechnology information Gene Bank. The results showed different molecular sizes of the ITS regions of yeastspp. The primer pair was used for the same sample (i.e., ITS1-ITS4) and targeted the ITS regions. Yeast spp.can be considered the most common fungal agent of life-threatening invasive infections in patients with severeimmunodeficiency or underlying diseases, and the treatment of these infections requires long stays in theintensive care units.

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This study was conduct to detection activity of phenolic extracts against Candida spp. Methods: The parts of used dried plants which are Q infectoria and Citrullus colocynthis. The concentration would be 100 mg / mL and 200 mg / mL that was used against fungi 100,200 μl of different concentration of extracts were added using micropipette into the well and allowed to diffuse at room temperature for 2 hrs, the plates incubated at 37oC for 24 -48 hrs, after that measured the diameter of inhibition zone (mm). Results: The concentration of 200 mg / ml gave a greater effect than the concentration of 100 mg/ml for all species, which indicates that Candida species are affected more when the concentration is increased.The inhibition diameter was 15 mm at a concentration of 100 mg/ml for Q infectoria for C kruzi and C tropicalis while it was 25 mm, the diameter of the inhibition is C albicans, while C kruzi, C tropicalis and C. albicans were not affected by the phenolic extract at the same concentration for C. colocynthis, on other hand, C glabrata and C parapsilosis, they were both 15 mm diameter inhibition at a concentration of 100 mg/ml for Q infectoria and C colocynthis. Activity the phenolic extract at a concentration of 200 mg/ml for Q infectoria on C kruzi and C glabrata were 20 mm and the best inhibition 30 mm on C albicans and 25 mm on C tropicalis, while the low inhibition was 15 mm on C parapsilosis, inhibition zone or activity the phenolic extract at a concentration of 200 mg/ml for C colocynthis on C kruzi, C tropicalis. Conclusion: We can consider these results of phenolic extract for Q infectoria have more effective antifungal than C colocynthis which contain biological compounds, especially phenolic compounds.

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Objective: This study was conduct to investigate phenotypic and genotypic identification of Debaryomyces species isolated from diabetic foot patients in Al-Najaf province.Methods: Samples were obtained from the depth of the wound of diabetic foot patients (taking aseptic precautions) cultured on Sabouraud's dextrose agar and incubated at 30-35 °C for 5-7days for growth. The colonies were identified on the basis of their microscopic features. After theseyeasts samples were cultured in chrome agar for isolation and identification of Debaryomyces spp. The PCR assay was performed to amplify ITS1 and ITS4sequence for identification of Debaryomyces spp, the PCR product was sequenced by Sangermethod. Results: All collected samples were cultured on SDA, while during the use CHROMagar medium which is considered a differential agar the colonies appear in different colors we obtained Debaryomyces hanseniion this media. The results showed that our different molecular sizes of ITS region of Debaryomyces spp. The primer pair was used for the same sample, is (ITS1-ITS4) was targeted ITS regions. The PCR products were sent to Macrogen Lab in USA, one sample of amplified PCR-products (forward and reverse strand) and our sequences were compared with reference global sequences in national center biotechnology information (NCBI) Gene Bank. Conclusion: We can consider the Debaryomycesspecies are the most common fungal etiological agent of life threatening invasive infections in patients who are severely immunocompromised or have experienced major trauma and treatment which requires extended stay in intensive care units, they are the fourth most common cause of nosocomial (hospital-acquired) bloodstream infections.

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This study was conduct to investigate phenotypic identification of fungal species isolated from Thalassemia patients in Al-Najaf province and evaluation inhibition activity for some antifungal agents (Nystatin and Amphotericin B). Methods: During the period from October to November 2021, 50 samples were collected from AL-Zahraa Teaching Hospitalin AL_Najaf province, which included swabs from the oral; only 14 samples gave positive growth. Cultivation of all samples in the Microbiology, Faculty of Medical techniques/Islamic University Najaf on Sabouraud dextrose agar and then on CHROMagar medium for the purpose of diagnosing the species of Candida depending on the color of the colonies Results: The results were diagnosed on CHROMagar medium as follows: C.albicans 10(71.4%), followed by C. parapsilosis 3(21.4%), C. tropicalis1(7.1%).In this study, the ability of C.albicans was tested to produce some virulence factors such as germ tube, biofilms and production of enzymes phospholipases when culturing Candida spp. on different media. The results of the culture show that C.albicans produces all virulence factor included germ tube, biofilms and phospholipases enzyme. The result of this study for the antifungal activity for (Nystatin and Amphotericin B), explaining the effects against Candida spp. by using disk diffusion method. These results show Amphotericin B is more effect than Nystatin against Candida spp. Conclusion: We can consider they east species as the most common fungal etiological agent of life threatening invasive infections in Thalassemia patients who are severely immunocompromised and treatment which requires extended stay in intensive care units

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This study was conduct to investigate phenotypic identification of fungal species isolated from oral of cancer patients in Al-Najaf governorate and evaluate inhibition activity of some antifungal agents. During the period from January to Februry 2021, 50 isolates were collected from Middle Euphrates Cancer Center in AL_Najaf province, which included swabs from the oral cavity, only 12 isolates gave positive growth. Cultivation of all 12 isolates initially on potato dextrose agar and then diagnosed on chrom agar medium depending on the color of the colonies, finally evaluate some antifungal on growth of diagnosed fungi by using well diffusion method. After isolation and identification the results showed that all isolaled belonged to genus candida these are : C. albicans 6 (50%) , C. Parapsilosis 3( 25%), C. kruzei 2(16.6%) and C. glabrata 1 (8.3%), the ability of C. albicans and non albicans were tested for produce some virulence factors such as germ tube , biofilms and production of enzymes phospholipase when culturing Candida spp. on different media. The results of the culture show that Candida albicans produces all virulence factor that mentioned above .Also the results showed the antifungal activity for (Nystatin and Amphotercin B) , explaining the effects against Candida spp. We can consider the species of yeast are the most prevalent fungal pathogenetic cause of soul invading pathogens in cancer sufferers who are extremely immunocompromised or those who have undergone severe trauma and therapy that necessitates prolonged stays in acute care units. Collect the samples from oral cancer patients, isolation and identification of fungal species on CHROM agar Candida media ,Study some virulence factors of Candida species and Study the effects of some antifungal on growth of Candida species

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Introduction and Aim: An extract of the lipopeptides from Bacillus subtilis has been found to be extremely useful in antimicrobial applications. Specifically, the goal of this study is to manufacture lipopeptide and assess the safety of this substance on the tissues and organs of laboratory rats. Materials and Methods: Bacillus subtilis bacteria were isolated and identified at the postgraduate microbiology laboratory in the department of biology at Kufa University's College of Science. The bacteria became active after 24 hours of growth in the brain broth infusion broth medium. In order to determine the bacteria's capacity to produce lipopeptide. On nutrient agar medium, a quantity of lipopeptide was synthesized utilizing HCL for sediment, yielding an estimated amount of 1.5 gm during a two-month period, then the product was partially purified and lyophilized using a lyophilizer. For one week, the lipopeptide was administered on albino rat tissues such as the kidney, liver, spleen, and small intestine to determine its safety. Results: The results showed no damage or any changes on tested tissues compared with control treatment and all of the previously mentioned organ tissues were completely intact and this is evidence of the safety of the lipopeptide extract for use. Conclusions: It was discovered that lipopeptide had no effect on the organs that were utilized in the experiment and that it is safe for human consumption.

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The aim:The purpose of this study is to find out the association between procalcitonin and hepcidin in patients with COVID-19, in addition to their role as diagnostic markers. Materials and methods: A total of 75 patients infected with coronavirus were included in the current study, their age is ranging between 20 to 78 years. Those patients was hospitalized in Al-Sadr Teaching Hospital in Najaf, in Iraq. This study also included 50 healthy subjects which are volunteers and considered as a (control group). Biomarker (procalcitonin and hepcidin) measurements were achieved by electrochemiluminescent immunoassay (ECLIA) in the Elecsys immunoassay system. Results: The present study showed a significant increase the serum cencentration of hepcidin and procalcitonin in patients with COVID-19 as compared tohealthy subjects. There was a highly significant increasing(p < 0.01) in hepcidin and PCT level in patients with severe infection comparing to other catgaries.The current study also revealed that the sensitivity values of the markers were: 0.88%, 0.85 for procalcitonin and hepcidin respectively, which indicate high diagnostic power. Conclusions: Serum levels of hepcidin and procalcitonin are increased as inflammatory markers in COVID-19 patients with relatively high sensitivity. It seems that these imflammatory markers obviously elevate in the severe cases COVID-19dusease

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The study was conducted on 400 suspected patients and twenty-four healthy persons, who visited the laboratory of AL-Hakeem hospital and AL-Zahra maternity and pediatrics in AL-Najaf province from October till May 2018. This study was designed to determine the effects of Giardia lamblia infection on some biomarkers such as (mucin-2 protein (MUC2), ghrelin (GHRL), and obestatin (OB). whereas the numbers and percentage of the infected patient were 48 (12%) vary with different gender;28 (7%) male and 20 (5%), The result of the study revealed that concentration of (MUC2),(GHRL) and (OB) in male and female patients infected with G. lamblia significantly increased (P<0.05) is compared to the control group. Also, it revealed a significant increase (P<0.05) in concentrations in the total number of patients infected with G. lamblia and the control group. The current study has concluded that the infection with G .lamblia affects some immunological and physiological markers of humans represented by (mucin-2 protein (MUC2), ghrelin (GHRL), and obestatin (OB) as good biomarkers which may be used in the detection of G .lamblia parasite

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The study was carried out to identify fungal species isolated from patients suffering from Thalassemia in Al-Najaf Province and the detect antifungal Agent (Nystatin and Amphotericin B) towards these isolates. Fifty samples, including oral swabs, were taken from the AL-Zahraa Teaching Hospital in the A.L. Najaf province between October to November 2021, only 14 showed Positive growth. All samples were cultured in the Microbiology Department of the Faculty of Medical Technologies at the Islamic College of Najaf; they plated them first on Sabouraud dextrose agar, then on chromagar medium to identify the species of Candida based on colony color. On chromagar medium. The results on chromagar medium were, ten isolates of Candida albicans, three of Candida parapsilosis and one of Candida tropicalis. Candida albicans' virulence factor which included the formation of germ tubes, the formation of biofilms and the production of phospholipase enzymes, were examined in this study. All virulence factors, such as germ tubes, biofilms, and the phospholipase enzyme, are produced by C. albicans, as evidenced by the culture findings. This study used a disk diffusion technique to describe the effects of the antifungal drugs nystatin and amphotericin B on the yeast species Candida. These results appeared that Amphotercin B was, Amphotercin B is preferable to Nystatin for treating Candida spp. Keywords