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The subject of halal slaughtering is one of the most widely discussed issues of animal cruelty and animal welfare in the public sphere. The discrepancy in understanding the contemporary and religious laws pertaining to animal slaughtering does not fully publicize to Islamic and Muslim majority countries especially with respect to interpreting the use of stunning in animals. The electrical stunning is the cheapest, easiest, safest, and most suitable method for slaughtering that is widespread and developed. However, stunning on head of poultry before being slaughtered is a controversial aspect among the Islamic sects due to regulations of the European Union and some other countries. The current review highlights the instructions of halal slaughtering, legal legislation, and the effect of this global practice on poultry welfare and the quality of produced meat.

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This study was aimed to investigate the effects of L-carnitine (Car), creatine monohydrate (CrM) and their combination (CarCrM) as dietary antioxidants materials on productive performance, digestibility, ileal eubiosis, blood chemistry and redox system of stressed quails challenged by lead acetate (LA) in drinking water. In total, 600 quails were assigned into 5 treatments with 4 replications each and 30 chicks per replication from 1 until 42 days old. The treatments involved control (T1), stressed treatment (adding 2.5 ppm of LA in drinking water only; T2) and treatments of adding 500 mg/kg Car+LA (T3), 500 mg/kg CrM+LA (T4) and CarCrM (250 mg/kg Car plus 250 mg/kg CrM)+LA (T5). A completely randomized design was followed to analyze treatment influences on variables. In comparison to T2, the results showed that T5 and T4 had equivalent positive influence followed by T3 to increase (p≤0.05) body weight, feed intake, survivability, carcass yield and digestibility accompanied with increase lactic acid bacteria and reduced total coliform, E.coli in ileum. Also, increased levels (p≤0.05) of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione in serum and ferric-reducing ability of plasma were obtained by T5 followed by T4. Moreover, T5 and T4 achieved low values (p≤0.05) of feed efficiency and serum lipid hydroperoxide, malondialdehyde, cortisol, aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, creatine kinase and creatinine. The results confirm that dietary CarCrM or CrM mitigated stress and reinforced antioxidant pool which was reflected by supported productive and physiological aspects of birds. Dietary Car seemed less powerful effect than CarCrM and CrM but without negative influence compared with stressed treatment.

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date syrup (DS) on productive, physiological, and histological attributes of Japanese quails. A total of 800 one-day-old quails were reared for 6 weeks and assigned into 8 groups including late feeding groups which fed on the farm 24 hours post-hatch with no feed additive (NO) or with 5 g VC or 1 mL DS/kg of diet or with a mixture of 2.5 g VC + 0.5 mL DS (MI)/kg of diet. Besides, groups of early feeding which fed post hatch immediately with NO or with 5 g VC or 1 mL DS/kg of diet or with MI/kg of diet. Each group had 100 chicks with 5 replications each. A completely randomized design was adopted and the main effects of the feeding method × feed additive were arranged in 2 × 4 factorial approach. As compared with the main effect of late feeding, the results showed that early feeding increased (P≤0.01) final body weight, carcass yields, production efficiency factor, and protein and energy efficiency ratios with a reduction (P≤0.01) in feed efficiency and mortality. Also, early feeding augmented (P≤0.01) serum protein, glucose, vitamin C, and ferric-reducing ability of plasma with lowering (P≤0.01) of serum cholesterol, aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, uric acid, malondialdehyde, hydroperoxide, and corticosterone and heterophils to lymphocytes ratio. Moreover, early feeding increased (P≤0.01) villus height/crypt depth and increased (P≤0.05) villus surface area and muscular layer thickness in the duodenum. The main effect of DS in diet or its mixture with VC seemed to have a significant influence on the aforementioned traits compared with individual using of VC. It was concluded that interactions between early feeding and DS alone or with VC added to the diet could change positively productive and physiological aspects and duodenal morphol-ogy of quails.

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The purpose of the study was to investigate the ameliorative effect of dietary rocket saladand apple cider vinegar on the oxidative stress (OS) status of broilers. Specifically, 720 Ross 308 chickswere divided into six groups: negative and positive controls (NC and PC with and without additives,Vi1 and V12 experimental groups fed with diets mixed with 5 and 10 mL of vinegar/kg, and Ro1 andRo2 groups fed with diets mixed with 2 and 3 g of rocket salad/kg, respectively). The experimentalgroups Vi1 and Vi2 were fed with feed mixture moisturized with 5 and 10 mL of vinegar/kg, and Ro1and Ro2 were fed with 2 and 3 g of rocket salad/kg, respectively. The birds’ productivity, oxidativeserum parameters, and morphometric indices of the gastrointestinal tract were registered at 6 weeksof rearing. The vinegar or rocket salad additive had powerful potentials to significantly suppress(p _ 0.05) OS through improving the birds’ survivability, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio,and carcass yield. The highest villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio of the duodenumwere achieved by Vi2, Ro1-2, and NC (p _ 0.05). The villus surface area and muscular layer thicknesswere smallest in the PC, while they did not differ significantly in other groups (p > 0.05). Similarrelationships were found in serum superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, hydroperoxide,and malondialdehyde; however, higher doses of both additives were more effective. It seems thatliquid vinegar and rocket salad could have beneficial influences on the antioxidant status of birds.

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The experiment was implemented to assess the influence of dietary supplementation of laying quails with creatine monohydrate (CrM), L-carnitine (CAR) and their mixture (CrMCAR) as antioxidants against oxidative stress (OS) induced by 2.5 ppm lead acetate (LA) in drinking water on productive, physiological and microbial aspects. In total, 400 laying quail females at 10 wk of age were divided into a randomized design with 5 groups and 4 replicates of 20 birds each. Birds were fed ad libitum with a balanced diet for 8 wk. The control group was kept under no-stress conditions and was given fresh water without any additives (G1). While birds in other groups were exposed to OS induced experimentally by 2.5 ppm LA in drinking water with no feed additive (G2) or supplemented with 500 mg/kg CrM (G3) or 500 mg/kg CAR (G4) or combination of 250 mg/kg each of CrM and CAR (CrMCAR, G5) to feed mixture. Compared to G2, G5 demonstrated the reduction (P ≤ 0.05) of feed conversion ratio, feed intake, mortality and ileal total coliform, as well as serum and egg malondialdehyde and serum lipid hydroperoxide, uric acid, glucose, cholesterol, enzymatic activities (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine phosphokinase, γ-glutamyl transferase), and heterophils/lymphocytes ratio. In the meanwhile, there was an increase (P ≤ 0.05) in egg production, egg mass, and weight with the improvement of egg quality, serum sex hormones level and ileal lactic acid bacteria for G5 followed by G4 and G3. Moreover, G5 enhanced (P ≤ 0.05), the total antioxidant capacity of egg and serum glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, protein and calcium levels. Therefore, dietary CrMCAR, CAR and CrM have analogous influence to control by improving the antioxidant and physiological parameters which resulted in better productive performance and egg characteristics of stressed quails. These antioxidants, especially in their equal combination, are beneficial to alleviate oxidative stress incidence and can be recommended for poultry feeding under various aspects of environmental stresses.

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This study was aimed to investigate the influence of in ovo injection (IO) into air cell (AC) or yolk sac (YS) of epigallocatechin-3 gallate (EG) and oleuropein (OL) as antioxidants on hatching, physio-logical and productive performance of heat-stressed chicks. 840 fertile eggs were chosen for IO on 12th day of incubation. Eggs were divided into 7 groups within 4 replications each as follows: negative control (NC) without IO and other groups involved IO of 100 μl distilled water and 5 mg each of EG and OL in both AC and YS sites of egg. After hatching, chicks were exposed to heat stress for 24 h and raised for 42 d. Compared with NC, the results revealed that main effect of IO with EG and OL in-creased (p≤0.05) hatchability and decreased deformed chicks and serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, corticosterone and heat shock protein 70 with enhancing feed efficiency, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and thyroxine in serum or liver. High chick length and relative chick weight with low serum protein carbonyl and feed intake were recorded (p≤0.05) by EG. Low rectal temperature and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio with high body weight were recordered (p≤0.05) by OL. No mainly altered effects between both IO sites on most variables measured. Howev-er, there were significant influences among interactive treatments which related to in ovo injected sub-stance in an injection site-dependent manner. It is concluded that improved hatchability, physiological and productive characteristics of heat-stressed chicks were achieved by IO of EG and OL.

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The aim of study was to evaluate microbial and hatchability traits as well as chicks quality after hatching eggs disinfection with aqueous solutions of ginger (GR), garlic (GC), oregano (O), and cinnamon (C) extracts. The experiment was divided into 2 stages, at preliminary in vitro stage antimicrobial susceptibility of plant extracts (PEs) was tested against reference strains from the American Type Culture Collection. O and GC extracts had the best antimicrobial properties (P < 0.05). Then in in vivo stage 2,400 Japanese quails hatching eggs were divided into 6 groups, 400 eggs each. Eggs from first group were not disinfected (NC, negative control), eggs from second group were disinfected by formalin fumigation (C, positive control), in other groups 5% aqueous solutions of plant extracts of GR, GC, O, C were applied by spraying respectively. After standard incubation fertility, hatchability and periodical embryonic mortality were calculated as well as the body weight and livability of chickens during 14 d of rearing. Egg disinfection by aqueous solution of PEs led to maintain the hatchability, chick weight at hatch and post hatch body weight and early mortality of birds. Exclusion of any fungal isolates on eggshell surface was induced by GC followed by O and C groups (P < 0.05). In case of the bacteria colonies reduction only GR extract was effective. Chosen plant extracts may be treated as safe and alternative substances to traditional disinfectants of hatching eggs.

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This experiment was conducted to explore the effect of fenugreek seeds (FSP) and synbiotic (SP) powders in diet as antioxidant factors on antioxidative, physiological, immunological indicators of serum and anatomical properties during exposing to the oxidative stress (OS) induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in drinking water of broiler chickens from 2nd until 35th day of age. Totally, 300 chicks Ross 308 at one day old of age were randomly allocated into five treatments with three equal replicates in each treatment (20 chicks/replicate). The treatments were distributed into negative control without feed additives (T1) whereas T2 was adding 1 ml (0.5%) of H2O2 per 1 L of drinking water as stressed positive control. The dietary additive (0.5%) each of FSP and SP was added in stressed groups (T3 and T4), respectively and dietary combination of 0.25% both FSP and SP was added in stressed group (T5). The results referred that T3, T5 and T1 registered an increased level in catalase (p≤0.05) and glutathione peroxidase (p≤0.01) activity and there was increased amounts in superoxide dismutase and packed cells volume in T4 ,T5 and T1 (p≤0.01) in comparison to T2. The T3, T4, T5 and T1 achieved a decreased malondialdehyde (p≤0.05) with considerable decrease (p≤0.01) in heterophils/lymphocytes ratio, uric acid, creatinine, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases compared with T2. In comparison to T2, all stressed treatments and T1 had high antibody titers against Newcastle disease (p≤0.05) and infectious bursal disease (p≤0.01). Moreover, high proportional weights of lung and heart (p≤0.01) were in T5 whereas T1 achieved high (p≤0.01) kidneys weight and large intestine length. Thus, dietary FSP and SP supplement added synergistically or individually could promote antioxidant status, regulate liver and kidney function, and improve immune system of stressed chickens.

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This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of two feed restriction methods with or without powders of peppermint leaves (PL) and organic zinc (OZ) added to diet from 2 to 3 weeks of age followed by compensatory growth stage from 4 to 5 weeks of age on growth performance and economic cost of broilers rearing. The research was included 024 broiler chicks Ross 308 distributed randomly into 7 groups (n=60 chicks per group) with 3 replications each. 1st group (control) was ad libitum feeding (G1), 2nd (G2), 3rd (G3) and 4th (G4) groups were quantitative feed restriction (40%) of control without any dietary additives, or with 1% PL or 50 mg OZ / kg of diet, respectively, whereas 5th (G5), 6th (G6) and 7th (G7) groups were temporal feed restriction (12 hours/day) only or with 1% PL or 50 mg OZ/ kg of diet, respectively. The obtained results revealed there was significant low (p>0.01) in feed intake for all feed restricted groups at 2-3 weeks and for G2, G3 and G4 at 1-5 weeks compared to G1. Similar final body weights to G1 were achieved by G3,G4,G5 and G7 whereas G2, G4, G6 and G7 had similar body weight gain to G1 at 1-5 weeks. It was there an improvement (p>0.01) in feed conversion ratio for all groups at 2-3 weeks and for G2, G3, G4 and G6 at 1-5 weeks compared to G1. Low (p>0.05) total mortality was registered for G3, G5, G6 and G7. High (p>0.01) protein or energy efficiency ratios was in favor of G2, G3, G4 and G7 at 2-3 weeks and an increase (p>0.05) for G3 and G4 at 1-5 weeks compared to G1. High values (p>0.05) of production efficiency factor for all groups except for G5 compared to G1. In comparison to G1, there was high (p>0.01) carcass yield without giblets for G2, G4 and G6 and high (p>0.01) carcass yield with giblets for G3 only. All feed restricted groups reduced the total expenses cost with increase in net revenue and economic efficiency of project. In conclusion, it was improved performance and lowering in economic cost of birds rearing exposed to feed restriction especially in groups potentiated by added PL and OZ in diet therefore, we recommend to follow these regimes in poultry nutrition protocols to support the sustainable development perspectives in poultry industry sector as one of the important agricultural part of a global food system.

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This study was conducted to evaluate the use powders of local synbiotic and fenugreek seeds as antioxidants in the broiler diet against the experimentally stimulated stress by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in drinking water and its influence on productive traits and economic cost up to 5 weeks old. In total, 300 one-day-old chicks were used, chicks were randomly distributed into five treatments, each treatment contained 60 chicks with 3 replicates/group. The treatments were divided into 1st treatment (T1) which involved the chicks fed a diet without any additives as negative control whereas 2n treatment (T2) involved the chicks which were subjected to stress by 1 ml (0.5%) of H2O2 per 1 L of drinking water as positive control. In 3th, 4th and 5th treatments, the chicks were subjected to stress by H2O2 and fed 0.5% of synbiotic (T3), 0.5% of fenugreek (T4) and mixture of 0.25% each of synbiotic and fenugreek (T5), respectively. The results of the research indicated that T3, T4 and T5 caused a significant increase (P<0.05) in the mean body weight, cumulative weight gain and relative growth rate with high significance (P<0.01) in cumulative feed intake and production efficiency factor compared to T2. Also, the same treatments recorded highly significant superiority (P<0.01) in cumulative feed conversion ratio and high (P<0.01) dressing percentage without giblets and with giblets. Moreover, T3, T4 and T5 decreased the economic cost of the broiler rearing project. Thus, we recommended to using both powders of local synbiotic and fenugreek seed or their combination as promising antistress dietary materials for improving the productivity and reducing the economic cost of broilers. This will in turn support the prospects of sustainable development in the globally poultry industry in future directions.