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ABSTRACT : The present study included 660 samples were collected from inside schools buildings. These samples represented 310 from primary schools and 350 from middle and secondary schools for the period from January / 2020 to March / 2021. The results of the current study showed that 530 fungi isolates were obtained included ( 280, 130, 120 ) isolates from the primary, secondary and middle school, respectively. The highest percentage was recorded in primary schools as it reached (52.80%), followed by secondary schools as the percentage was (24.53%), while in middle schools the percentage was ( 22.64%). The results showed that Aspergillus spp. recorded the highest percentage (23, 102.9, 20.68 ) in appearance, frequency and distribution density, respectively. While, the fungus Cladosporium spp, the proportion of appearance, frequency and density of distribution was less than the previous fungi, the ratios were (21, 18.96, 18.96), respectively. The Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium spp, recorded the highest rates, reaching 19% and 17% in the percentage of occurrence, respectively. Whereas, Alternaria alternate and Trichophyton spp recorded ( 11%, 9% ) respectively and Steril mycelium recorded 11% and this percentage surpassed yeast’s appearance rate of 8%.

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Abstract---The study was carried out to diagnose the fungi that attack the historical manuscripts in the holy shrine of the city of Karbala, as well as its enzymatic activity. (375) samples were taken using sterile cotton swabs for three locations of the manuscript, represented by the beginning, middle and end of the manuscript. The total number of isolates and isolated fungal species, the percentage of frequency (Frequency %), percentage of presence (Occurrence %), and the Distribution Intensity Index (DII) were calculated for each of the fungi isolated from the manuscripts. The fungi decomposing cellulose and protein and the enzyme amylase and lipid were also detected at the time of the manuscripts. For the purpose of knowing the effects of fungi and their damage to the manuscripts. Five genera of fungi were recorded in addition to yeasts and sterile fungal hyphae. The highest percentage of the total numbers of fungi isolated at the beginning of the manuscript was 40.54%, followed by the end of the manuscript with a rate of 34.66%, while the lowest percentage of the total numbers was for the middle of the manuscript, which was 24.32%. The results showed that the fungus Aspergillus niger had the highest incidence of 61% and the frequency of 29.33. It also had the highest density coefficient of distribution with a rate of 330.3. Then the fungus Aspergillus flavus with a percentage of 54%, a frequency of 26.13, and a distribution density coefficient of 276.2 , The fungus Penicillium verrucosum had a percentage of 52%, a frequency of 25.06, and a density coefficient of .260.3, while Mucor got a presence of 11%, a frequency of 5.61 and a density coefficient of 26.3. And each

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ABSTRACT : A total of 300 samples were collected from manuscripts preserved in the Al-Hussein Holy shrine. Fungal species were isolated and identified by both traditional and molecular methods. The results showed that seven fungal species are the first record in Iraq as a general and in the manuscripts: Alternaria atra, Aspergillus ustus, Cladosporium exasperatum, Chaetomium globosum, Microdochium nivale, Penicillium tardochrysogenum-1, Penicillium tardochrysogenum-2. The fungal were registratied in the International Genbank and have accession numbers: MK503427, MK503428, MK504425, MK504424, MK503439, MK504426, MK504427, respectively. The phylogenetic tree of ITS rRNA sequences showed that theAlternariaatra strain alaa1-A. isolate from multiple sequence alignment of 18S rDNA gene sequences were identical to the international isolates ex: Qatar, Iranetc, so Aspergillus ustus is identical 100% to the international isolates Egypt, Brazil, China, USA and Netherlands. Cladosporium exasperatum is identical 100% to the international isolates India and Kenia. Microdochium nivale, it was identical with the international isolates such as China isolates. Penicillium tardochrysogenum-1, Penicillium tardochrysogenum-2 are identical 100% to the international isolates Slovakia, China, South Africa, India and Spain. TheAspergillus ustus had ranked first in terms of occurrence, frequency and distribution density coefficient. Chaetomium globosum strain ala11-C.gl from multiple sequence alignment of 18S rDNA gene sequences and identical to the international isolates ex: China and Egypt, while Cladosporium exasperatum was in the last rank in terms of occurrence, frequency and distribution intensity. The degradation of cellulose, protein, starch and fat because of the activity of fungi on the manuscripts were detected for the purpose of identifying the effects of fungi and their damage to manuscripts. The results of the enzymatic tests of the seven fungal fungi, that the Alternaria atra and Aspergillus ustus recorded a higher efficacy of the cellulose enzyme in terms of the mean halo zone diameter of 47.44 and 47.00 mm respectively, which did not differ significantly between them. The Microdochium nivale was more effectiveon protease activity, the halo zone was 63.78 mm and did not differ significantly from both Aspergillus ustus and Chaetomium globosum, so the amylase showed high efficacy of the Microdochium nivale, with a diameter of halo zone was 60.22 mm, which was not significantly different from the Aspergillus ustus with an average diameter of 59.33 mm. Chaetomium globosum was the highest effective enzyme Lipase which dimeter halo zone was 68.56 mm, which was not significantly different from the Microdochium nivale at 63.22 mm. The enzymes activity is considered as a good response to confirms the contamination and the need to address for the purpose of conservation and preservation of the legacy of civilization.

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The study was conducted in the dissemination of college of technology\ musayyib from 3/1/2019 to 21/4/2019 in order to test the attractiveness of bees to three concentration of the added sugar solution of Black bean and anise. The result of the study showed that the average bee attraction to the diabetic solution was different and approved on the concentration of additives to diabetes solutions where the results of the study showed that the highest average attractiveness was 327 bee/day while the lowest average attraction was 241 bee/day for the solution of diabetes added to the Black bean, while the percentage of sugar solution added to the anise, which 345.4 bee\day while the lowest on ratio stood at a concentration of 15% where 217.4 bee \day. As for day-to-day relationships, the highest mean was 2.58 bee\day in the morning at 10% concentration, while the lowest mean was 2.33 bee\day in the morning at 5%. In the afternoon, the highest mean was 15.36 bee\day at a 15% concentration, and the lowest mean was 7.58 bee\day at a concentration of 5%.

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Abstract. This study was conducted in the postgraduate laboratory at the College of Education for Pure Sciences at the University of Kerbala in collaboration with Center for Manuscript Preservation , Restoration and Care of Researchers at the Imam Hussain Holy Shrine in Karbala, for the period from 20-11-2018 to 20-1-2019. In order to preserving manuscripts within the series of isolation and diagnosis of fungi accompanying ancient manuscripts. Controlling fungi that cause damage to the manuscripts using silver and zinc nanoparticles of different concentrations 0,5,10,15, 20 and 25 mg/L to inhibit the growth of Alternaria atra , Aspergillus ustus, Cladosporium exasperatum, Chaetomium globosum Microdochium nivale , Penicillium tardochrysogenum -1, Penicillium tardochrysogenum -2. The fungi were registered in pervious study in the International Genbank and had accession numbers : MK و 503427 MK و 503428 MK و 504425 MK و 504424 MK و 503439 MK و 504426 MK504427 respectively [1]. The results were obtained as the diameter of colony on the PDA medium after 14 days of incubation as well as studying the shape of the fungal colonies on the culture media as well as prepare microscopic slides. The manuscripts damaged by fungi were treated with these two nanomaterials in the dough prepared for the purpose of restoring and preserving the manuscripts. Silver and zinc nanoparticles, showed a significant effect on the mean of colony diameter and the growth morphology that tends towards to decrease colony diameter with increase in the concentration of the nanoparticles . The Alternaria atra and Penicillium tardochrysogenum-1, gave the highest mean value of inhibition represented by the average fungal colony diameter of 10 mm when treated with Nano zinc at a concentration of 25 mg / L from the PDA culture medium , which were not significantly different from both Microdochium nivale and Penicillium tardochrysogenum- 1. The Alternaria atra and Penicillium tardochrysogenum -2 showed the highest inhibition value represented by the average fungal colony diameter of 13.33 mm when treated with silver nanoparticles at a concentration of 25 mg / L on the PDA culture medium. The microscopic examinations of the fungal hypha showed that it was affected by the nanoparticles with an increase in the concentration, and this effect ranged between the complete destruction of the fungal hypha and its explosion, especially in the high concentrations, and the aggregation of the protoplasm of the fungal cell, especially in the medium concentrations of the nanoparticles , or a deviation in the course of the fungal flow and its attempt avoidance of the toxic substance by agglomeration in a specific place in the microscopic space under examination, especially in low concentrations, as well as the reduction of the conidia, its small size or its deformation depending on the type of fungus, the concentration of the nanomaterial and its type. The culture tests of samples taken by swabs from ancient manuscripts after being treated with the treated material in the presence of a high concentration of 25 mg /L of paste prepared for the purpose of restoration were for each of the nano silver and zinc nanoparticles separately by reducing the number of fungi compared to the manuscript prior to restoration. Keyword: Nano – Silver, Zinc Particles, Fungi

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AbstractThis study was conducted in the Collage of Education for Pure Sciences at the University of Karbala as a part of series of isolation and diagnosis of fungi associated with historical manuscripts in the Center for the maintenance and restoration of manuscripts and the care of researchers for the period from /2018 to 2019, at the holy shrine of Hussein in the city of Karbala. In order to preserve the manuscripts and the use of zinc nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles to control the fungi that cause damage to the manuscripts and described as an additive to the restoration paste. The fungi were diagnosed molecularly by PCR method and were represented by seven fungi registered for the first time in Iraq in general and on the manuscripts in particular. They are Alternaria atra , Aspergillus ustus, Cladosporium exasperatum, Chaetomium globosum, Microdochium nivale , 1-Penicillium tardochrysogenum , 2- Penicillium tardochrysogenum . It was registered at the Genbank World Bank. The Blast program was used to identify the genetic tree of the detected fungi as well as to determine the relationship of homology to international isolates.All seven fungi recorded in the World GeneBank recorded an effect with silver nanoparticles and zinc nanoparticles . Alternaria atra and Penicillium tardochrysogenum1 had the highest inhibition rate of 10 mm fungal colony diameter, when treated with 25 mg L-1 zincnanoparticle maixed with PDA, which did not significantly differ from Microdochium nivale and 1-Penicillium tardochrysogenum. Alternaria atra and 2-Penicillium tardochrysogenum , showed the highest inhibition rate of fungal colony diameter of 13.33 mm when treated with 25 mg L-1 nanoparticles of PDA.Microscopic examination of fungal hypha showed that they had an effect on nanocomposites with increasing concentration of nanomaterial. This effect ranges from the complete destruction of the fungal hypha and its explosion, especially in high concentrations of nanomaterials, to the aggregation of fungal cell protoplasm, especially in medium concentrations of nanomaterials, or deviation in the course of the fungus hypha keep away from the toxic substance by agglomeration in a certain place of the microscopic space under examination, especially in low concentrations, as well as reduction of conidia either small size or deformation depending on the type of fungus and the concentration of nanomaterials.Tests of samples taken from smears from old manuscripts after treatment with the high concentration of 25 mg per liter of paste prepared for the purpose of restoration of each individual zinc or silver nanoparticles were reduced by the number of fungi compared to the manuscript before restoration

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Abstract A factorial experiment was carried out according to a Completely Randomized Design (CRD under the plastic tunnel) to study the effect of three cutting dates (15 November, 15 December and 15 January) and eight rooting stimulating treatments which are indolebutyric acid (IBA 4000 mg L-1) and citric acid. Ascorbic (AsA) 750 mg L-1, sucrose 6%, honey 100%, licorice root extract 6 gm L-1, combination (AsA + IBA + market licorice root extract), combination (AsA + honey + licorice root extract), comparison treatment (The addition of distilled water only) to rooting and cuttings of two olive cultivars (Manzanillo, Bashiqa) and the results of the statistical analysis showed the superiority of the Manzanillo cultivar and the planting date of October 15th in most of the studied traits, and the combination (IBA + AsA + licorice root extract) recorded the highest percentage of rooting and addition. The triple interaction between the study factors showed the superiority of the treatment (Bashiqa variety + first date + combination (IBA + AsA + licorice root extract) in most of the studied traits, especially the rooted cuttings percentage, which reached 91.67% and this is a very high percentage compared to by studying

ملخص البحث :

Abstract A factorial experiment was carried out according to a Completely Randomized Design (CRD under the plastic tunnel) to study the effect of three cutting dates (15 November, 15 December and 15 January) and eight rooting stimulating treatments which are indolebutyric acid (IBA 4000 mg L-1) and citric acid. Ascorbic (AsA) 750 mg L-1, sucrose 6%, honey 100%, licorice root extract 6 gm L-1, combination (AsA + IBA + market licorice root extract), combination (AsA + honey + licorice root extract), comparison treatment (The addition of distilled water only) to rooting and cuttings of two olive cultivars (Manzanillo, Bashiqa) and the results of the statistical analysis showed the superiority of the Manzanillo cultivar and the planting date of October 15th in most of the studied traits, and the combination (IBA + AsA + licorice root extract) recorded the highest percentage of rooting and addition. The triple interaction between the study factors showed the superiority of the treatment (Bashiqa variety + first date + combination (IBA + AsA + licorice root extract) in most of the studied traits, especially the rooted cuttings percentage, which reached 91.67% and this is a very high percentage compared to by studying