ملخص البحث :

Four species were tested for the Brassicaceae , Brassicaoleracea var italic, Brassicaoleracea var botrytis, Brassicarapa var rapa , Brassicaoleracea var captata.to investigate the presence of protease. The result showed that broccoli possessed a high level of protease ,which because it has a high specific activity of the enzyme ,so it was chosen as a source of enzyme extraction . the best condition to extraction protease from broccoli was by using sodium phosphate buffer (0.1M,pH 7.5) reaching an specific activity 70.769U/mg .the enzyme was extracted with different extraction ratios of 1:1, 2:1, 4:1, 6:1,8:1, 10:1(v:w) and the best ratio was 1:1(v:w) to specific activity 70.6 U/mg .the enzyme extraction in different concentration 0.05,0.1,0.2,0.4 the highest specific activity were 76.4when enzyme extract in 0.1M. finally the enzyme was extracted with different time intervals of 5,10,15,20 ,and the best time period for extracting was 5 min with specific activity 76.06 U/mg .the enzyme purified from broccoli by several step concentration by ammonium sulfate at saturation 75% the enzyme reached activity 30.2U/m,purified fold 1.63 and yield 74.60 .The second step was purified by DEAE-Cellulose column , the enzyme reached activity 20.1U/ml and yield 69.51.The optimum pH for the enzyme activity and stability were 7.5 for 30 minute and 7-8.5 respectively . The optimum temperature of the enzyme activity 35 C0 for 30 minutes and that for stability was 25-40C0 for 30 minutes.

ملخص البحث :

Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory illness of the airways accompanied by systemic inflammation in almost all affected patients. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in the detection of asthma cases in Baghdad, Iraq. It was a case-control study that included a total of 62 adult patients with asthma who were clinically diagnosed by a consultative physician, and 68 age- and gender-matched apparently healthy subjects as a control group. Samples of peripheral blood were collected from each participant. The NLR was calculated by dividing the absolute neutrophil count by the absolute lymphocyte count. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the diagnostic value of NLR in the detection of asthma cases. Mean NLR in asthma patients was 2.33 ± 0.89 compared with 1.82 ± 1.04 in controls with a highly significant difference. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.886 (95% CI = 0.762-0.951), p = 0.002. The sensitivity and specificity of the test at NLR = 2.11 were 82.8% and 73%, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between NLR and the number of asthma attacks/year (r = 0.247, p = 0.037). Thus, NLR is a reasonable, easy-to-use, and cheap test that can be routinely used to evaluate the inflammatory response in asthmatic patients.

ملخص البحث :

Background: Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a disease of worldwide distribution. IFN-γ is one of the key regulatory cytokine that influence the clearance of HBV. The production of this cytokine can be influenced by the presence of certain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IFN-γ gene. Subjects and Methods: This case-control study involved 62 chronic HBV outpatients and 40 apparently healthy individuals. Blood samples were collected from each participant, and DNA was extracted from each sample. IFN-γ gene was amplified by PCR technique using specific primers. The polymorphism in the gene of this cytokine was assessed by sequencing. Results: There was a significant difference in the frequency of AA genotype between patients (33.87%) and control (20%) (OR=3.341, 95%CI=1.075-10.387). Furthermore, allele A had higher frequency among patients (58.06%) compared with control (42.5%) with significant difference (OR= 1.873, 95%CI=1.06-3.309). Conclusion: allele A of the SNP+874A/T may be a predisposing risk factor for chronic HBV infection.

ملخص البحث :

Frequent relapse occurs in about 60% of children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) despite the tangible initial response. Several factors have been documented as triggers for frequent relapses (FR). However, the role of urinary tract infection (UTI) was not well-illustrated. Our aim was to evaluate the role of UTI as a trigger for FR among Iraqi children SSNS. This cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 68 children with the first episode of SSNS who were followed up for 6 months after taking their treatment for the first episode. The patients were divided into two groups: frequent and infrequent relapse. Midstream urine samples were collected from each child and routine bacteriological culture and detection were achieved. Data regarding age at onset, sex, steroid therapy at the onset, the time between the onset and first relapse were collected from patients’ records. The proportion of frequent relapses was 41.18%. UTI affected 22 (32.35%) patients with E. coli was the most common isolated bacteria accounting for 63.64% followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (18.18%), Proteus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.64% for each). In univariate analysis, each of age at onset, inadequate therapy for the first episode, and UTI were significantly associated with frequent relapse. However, in multivariate analysis, only adequate treated for first episode (OR= 0.26, 95%CI= 0.08-0.86, p= 0.028) and UTI (OR= 4.8, 95%CI= 1.22-18.87, p= 0.025) were significantly associated. In conclusion, UTI is an important cause of FR in children with SSNS. Therefore, affected children should be routinely investigated for such infection.

ملخص البحث :

A ureteral stent is most broadly used to manage upper urinary tract disorders such as obstruction and prevent postendoscopic complications. However, the stent may become a niche for bacterial colonization. This study aimed to determine the rate of bacterial colonization and type of bacteria in internal ureteral stents and the risk factors associated with bacterial colonization. This prospective cross-sectional study included 100 consecutive adult patients who had temporary ureteral stenting as preparation for a secondary ureterorenoscopy at Al-Yarmook Hospital/ Baghdad. All included patients were negative for bacterial culture before stenting. Stent and urine culture were performed at the time of stent removal. The colonization rate and bacteriuria in patients with internal ureteral stent were 19% and 9%, respectively. The most common bacteria in-stent and urine were E. coli accounting for 31.58% and 33.33%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was common in stent culture, representing 21.05%. Positive bacterial culture was confirmed in 19 stents and 9 urine samples. All cases with positive urine samples were also positive for culture. Thus, the sensitivity and specificity of urine culture for detection of stent colonization were 47.37% and 100%, respectively. Diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, and prolonged stenting were significantly associated with increased stent colonization. The ureteral stent could be a source of urinary tract infection. The most pathogenic bacteria associated with the ureter stent are E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Risk factors associated with stent colonization are diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, and prolonged indwelling time.

ملخص البحث :

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the most commonly performed routine surgical operation in general surgery. There is a debate about utility of prophylactic antibiotic therapy following cholecystectomy. The aim of the study was to investigate bacterial growth in bile culture from patients after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods. This study included 80 patients who undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy. All gallbladder specimens were sent for histopathology. A bile sample from each case was cultured on Brain heart infusion broth, MacConkey agar, and chocolate agar. Analytical profile indices were used for identification of isolated bacteria. Results. Six histopathological abnormalities were detected, of which chronic cholecystitis was the most common abnormality (58.75%) followed by acute cholecystitis with mucocele (11.25%). Thirty one bile samples (38.75%) were positive for bacterial growth. The overall bacterial isolates from bile samples showed Escherichia coli, 13.75%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 8.75%, Enterococcus faecium, 5%, Citrobacter freundii, 3.7%, Staphylococcus epidermidis, 3.75%, Lactobacillus gasseri, 2.5% and Bifiidobacterium, 1.25%. Bacterial colonization of gallbladder was significantly associated with acute cholecystitis with mucocele and empyema. Conclusions. More than one third of patients with cholelithiasis are positive for bacterial culture. Bacterial infection of stoned gallbladder associated with the development of empyema. Thus, prophylactic antibiotic therapy is recommended for patients undergoing cholecystectomy due to gallbladder stone.

ملخص البحث :

Herpes simplex viruses are large, enveloped virions with an icosahedral DNA viruses subclinical or symptomatic infection of genital system with herpes viruses have nonspecific signs and symptoms and many women will be acquired infection during pregnancy and shedding it from labia, cervix or both so the most cases of neonatal infection occur from pregnant women who do not have history of herpes genital infection. To determine the seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 among hospitalized Children Under 5 years with the most risk factors. A total of 100 children under five years of age were enrolled in this study. Inclusion criteria for selecting children was the age group (from zero time to 60 months). Serological test to estimate the levels of Anti HSV (IgG) and (IgM) by Enzyme-Linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The principle demographic data were represented in Fig. 1. Male to female ratio was 1.7:1. Normal vaginal delivery was the mode of birth for 63 children versus 37 children who born with C/S. Three fourth (75%) of children had full gestational age, while 25% of children were preterm.Anti-HSV-2 IgG antibodies were detected in 35 (35%), while anti-HSV-2 IgM antibodies in 17 (17%) of children. High prevalence of HSV infection in Iraqi children under five, when compared with the rate of most neighboring developing countries. Immune suppression for different reasons play the crucial role in acquiring the infection especially postnatally.

ملخص البحث :

Herpes simplex viruses are large, enveloped virions with an icosahedral DNA viruses subclinical or symptomatic infection of genital system with herpes viruses have nonspecific signs and symptoms and many women will be acquired infection during pregnancy and shedding it from labia, cervix or both so the most cases of neonatal infection occur from pregnant women who do not have history of herpes genital infection. To determine the seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 among hospitalized Children Under 5 years with the most risk factors. A total of 100 children under five years of age were enrolled in this study. Inclusion criteria for selecting children was the age group (from zero time to 60 months). Serological test to estimate the levels of Anti HSV (IgG) and (IgM) by Enzyme-Linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The principle demographic data were represented in Fig. 1. Male to female ratio was 1.7:1. Normal vaginal delivery was the mode of birth for 63 children versus 37 children who born with C/S. Three fourth (75%) of children had full gestational age, while 25% of children were preterm.Anti-HSV-2 IgG antibodies were detected in 35 (35%), while anti-HSV-2 IgM antibodies in 17 (17%) of children. High prevalence of HSV infection in Iraqi children under five, when compared with the rate of most neighboring developing countries. Immune suppression for different reasons play the crucial role in acquiring the infection especially postnatally.

ملخص البحث :

- Afield study amid to survey for Clostridium difficile in feaces of infants and children under 10 years in AL-Dewaniya city who are on antibiotic treatment . - The specimens Included (50) stool sample of infants and children aged from three months to ten years who suffered from diarrhea under antibiotic medication. The result of the study showed none of those samples were positive result for isolation of Clostridium difficile.

ملخص البحث :

Neonatal sepsis is a common cause of morbidity and mortality among newborns in developing countries. This study aimed to investigate the causative pathogens other than viruses and the predisposing factors for neonatal sepsis among Iraqi newborns. A total of 150 suspected neonates from three Hospitals in Baghdad/Iraq were enrolled in this study. According to time onset, sepsis was divided into early onset sepsis (EOS) and late onset sepsis (LOS). Blood samples were collected from each neonate, then bacterial and fungal detection were achieved through routine culturing, biochemical tests and API system. Anti-toxoplasma IgM and IgG antibodies were investigated by enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). The overall incidence of neonatal sepsis among suspected neonates was 54.67%. Preterm infants, low body weight (LBW), urinary tract infection of the mother and cesarean section delivery seemed to predispose to neonatal sepsis. Staphylococci were predominant in both EOS and LOS sepsis; however, large percentage of these bacteria were coagulase negative in LOS. Overall, gram positive bacteria were more frequent than gram positive bacteria. Fungi and Toxoplasma appeared to have less or no significant role in neonatal sepsis among Iraqi newborns. These data indicate the diversity of pathogenic bacteria associated with neonatal sepsis. Every effort should be considered for early detection of the pathogens to avoid the mortality.

ملخص البحث :

Allele, genotype and haplotype frequency of three single nucleotide polymorphisms in SELL gene (rs2205849 (-642C>T), rs2229569 (676C>T) and rs1131498 (616C>T)) were examined in a group of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (68 patients) in comparison with 70 apparently healthy subjects. Binary logistic regression and Chi square were used for calculation of odds ratio. None of these polymorphisms were associated with the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis. However, haplotype analysis revealed that the haplotype block CCT from the three polymorphisms respectively was significantly associated with increase of the susceptibility to the disease (OR= 4.25, 95%CI=1.85-9.81). There was a strong linkage disequilibrium between these polymorphisms.

ملخص البحث :

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality throughout the world. The interactions between the virus and the components of immune systems plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. The present study aimed to estimate serum levels of granulocytemacrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), Interleukin-1 (IL-1 ), and complement components C3 and C4 in patients infected with chronic hepatitis C virus. Forty-six patients with chronic HCV and 38 apparently healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. From each participant, 5ml of blood were taken, from which serum was obtained. ELISA was used to estimate serum levels of GM-CSF and IL-1 , whereas single radial immunodiffusion assay was used to estimate serum levels of C3 and C4. Only GM-CSF had elevated non-significant mean value in HCV patients compared to control. The three other parameters had lower mean values in HCV patients (significant in case of C4) than control. Some factors of innate immune response represented by IL-1 , and complement components C3 and C4 may have less prominent role against chronic HCV infection.

ملخص البحث :

تهدف الدراسة الحالية إلى تحديد نسبة الإصابة يطفيلي الجيارديا في الأعمار و الأجناس المختلفة في مدينة الديوانية و قضاء عفك للفترة من 3/1/2011 و لغاية 3/6/2011 اضافة الى تبيان تأثير الإصابة الطفيلية على مستوى الهيموكلوبين في الدم . تضمنت الدراسة فحص(760) عينة عشوائية من نموذج براز و دم من الأشخاص المراجعين لمستشفى الديوانية العام في مركز مدينة الديوانية و المركز الصحي في قضاء عفك (منطقة شبه ريفية)و من كلا الجنسين . و سجلت نتائج الفحص (102) حالة موجبة (ve+) و (658) حالة سالبة (ve-) اظهرت نتائج الدراسة اعلى نسبة للاصابة بالطفيلي في قضاء عفك (69.5%) بينما كانت النسبة (30.5%)في مركز مدينة الديوانية ، أما بالنسبة للعمر فقد كانت نسبة الإصابة في الأطفال (70.5%) مقارنة مع البالغين (29.5%) و من ناحية اخرى فقد كانت نسبة الإصابة عند الإناث (79.5%) اعلى من الذكور (20.5%) و قد أوضحت الدراسة بأن اغلب الاطفال المصابين يعانون من انخفاض نسبة الهيموكلوبين و نسبة (70%) بينما البالغين كانت (30%). و من توصيات الدراسة هي التوعية والتثقيف الصحي لكافة افراد المجتمع والاهتمام بالنظافة الشخصية .شرب المياه المعقمة و استخدام الطرق الحديثة بالتصريف الصحي لمياه المجاري.

ملخص البحث :

Background: Trichomonas vaginalis is a world-wide sexually transmitted protozoan, which induces inflammatory response by stimulating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association of TLR4 polymorphism with the incidence of T. vaginalis infection among Iraqi women. Subjects and methods: Blood samples were obtained from 139 married women (87 infected with T.vaginalis, and 52 healthy controls). DNA was extracted, and TLR4 gene was amplified using specific primers. Restriction fragment length polymorphism technique was used for genotyping. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile) were investigated in their relation with T. vaginalis infection. Results: There is insignificant association between both Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile with T. vaginalis infection (OR=2.647, 95%CI= 0.718-9.835, p= 0.163 and OR== 1.558, 95%CI= 0.463-5.238, p=0.494 respectively). Conclusion: The SNPs Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile may not be considered as a risk factor that increases susceptibility to T. vaginalis infection. Key words: Trichomonas vaginalis, Toll-like receptor 4, polymorphism, Asp299Gly, Thr399Ile.

ملخص البحث :

Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) imposes a global challenge with over 180 million cases worldwide. Only few patients spontaneously had their virus neutralized, while most patients develop chronic HCV infection. This implies a key role of genetic factors in viral clearance or persistence. The current study aimed at clarifying the effect of certain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on individual's susceptibility to HCV infection. A total of 60 patients with confirmed HCV infection and 35 apparently healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. Blood sample was obtained from each participant, from which DNA was extracted. The JAK1gene was amplified with conventional PCR technique using three sets of primers targeting three SNPs in this gene: rs2780895, rs4244165 and rs17127024. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used for genotyping of PCR products. Each of rs2780895 and rs17127024 had two genotypes in both patients and controls, however, only the heterozygous genotype of the SNP rs2780895 (CT) significantly associated with the susceptibility to HCV. The SNP rs4244165 appeared in only with homozygous wild genotype (GG) in both patients and controls. It can be concluded that allele T of the SNP rs2780895 could be considered as a risk factor for infection with HCV.