ملخص البحث :

AbstractAbstractThis study aim to examin the efficacy of T. harzianum fungus and or extracts of cabbage L., Barley L., Mustard L., and Mustard seeds against the caused agent of stem canker and Black Scurf disease on Potato, R.solani T. harzianum revealed highly antagonistic effect against the pathogenic isolat of R. solani, It was less than 2 under laboratory condition. The result showed ,that the plant powders of tested plants had inhibitory against the growth of this fungus on PSA. The Mustard leaves 3% was siynificantly inhibit fungal growth to about 66.6%. The agueous extract had slight enfluens on radial growth of this fungus under lathhouse condition the result showed that beltanol fungicide had higher fungal inhibition than other treatments, T. harzianum and Barley powder treatment exhibited higher effect on fungal growth than that of T. Harzianum treatment alone compared with untreated plant in which disease incidence of stem canker was 88.8% and severity was 75.5% , and Black Scurf disease was 80.5% and 67.7% respectivety. Plants powders of all treatments reduced the disease incidence and severity of this fungus. Mustard leaves powders reduced stem canker disease incidence and severity to 19.4% and 11.6% respectively and disease incidence and severity of Black Scurf disease on tubers to 14.5% and 10.4% respectively. Also all treatments indicated significant increase the growth parameters of all tested plants compared with that in control treatment.

ملخص البحث :

هدف هذا البحث إلى عزل و تشخيص الفطرين Fusarium solani و F. sulphureum و تحديد دورهما في مرض تعفن جذور و قواعد سيقان الفاصوليا و اختبار المقدرة التضادية لبعض عوامل المكافحة الإحيائية ضده تحت الظروف المختبرية. أظهرت نتائج العزل و التشخيص وجود الفطر F. solani في معظم العينات و بنسبة ظهور 14-65 %، و ظهور الفطر F. sulphureum في 3 مناطق و بنسبة 1.25-15.39 %. شخص الفطرين إلى مستوى الجنس و النوع اعتمادا على صفاتهما المزرعية و المظهرية. بينت نتائج الاختبار الأولي للمقدرة الامراضية لعزلات الفطرين أن جميع العزلات كانت ممرضة و اختلفت العزلات بمقدرتها الامراضية بتأثيرها على نسبة إنبات بذور اللهانة، إذ منعت العزلات FS-1-2، FS-2-2 ،FS-7-1 ،FS-8 ، Fsul-3، FS-2-3 إنبات البذور بالكامل، في يحن كانت نسبة الإنبات في معاملة المقارنة 93.33 %. كما أوضحت النتائج تأثير العزلات الممرضة على نسبة إنبات بذور الفاصوليا إذ تراوحت نسب الإنبات فيها 0.0-70.00 % مقارنة بمعاملة المقارنة بدون فطر ممرض التي كانت بين 65.0-87.5 %، (اليوم الخامس-الثامن) كما احدث الفطرين تأثيرا سلبيا في نمو بادرات الفاصوليا بزيادة نسبة و شدة الإصابة. أوضحت النتائج أن البكتريا Azotobacter chroococcum سببت خفض اى معنويا في معدل نمو الفطرين الممرضين بنسبة تثبيط تراوحت بين 46.3-76.9 %. و حقق الفطر Trichoderma harzianium سيطرة كاملة على نمو الفطرين الممرضين بتثبيط نموهما على الوسط الزرعي PSA.

ملخص البحث :

ABSTRACT: This study was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of the biocontrol agents Trichoderma harzianium, Glomus intraradices and Azotobacter chroococcum to protect bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants against Rhizoctonia solani, causative agent of root rot under different conditions. Results obtained showed that the disease was distributed in all bean cultivated area of Babylon city-Iraq and R. solani was detected in most tested samples. It has been found that R. solani had effects on bean seed germination and plant growth. Result of differential hosts revealed that R. solani isolates obtained belong to anastomosis groups 4 (AG-4) and this confirmed by the result of the dual culture test on PSA medium. Four isolates of Azotobacter chroococcum, isolated from wheat, bean and sesban, Sesbania sesban L. showed high antagonistic activity against the higher pathogenic isolate of R. solani (RS-3) on PSA medium. Arbuscular mycorrhizal, G. intraradices significantly reduced the disease incidence and severity in bean plants, The combination A. chroococcum with G. intraradices found to be more effective, than each of them separately, in decreasing disease incidence and severity under green house and field conditions. T. harzianium exhibited high activity in controlling the disease and increasing yield. All biocontrol agents used in this study improved plant growth and increased yield. The biocontrol agents may play an essential role in management of root rot diseases.

ملخص البحث :

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to identify and isolate the pathogen of peanut crown rot disease from infested fields of karbalaa governorate and evaluate the efficiency of water extracts of Sage (Salvia officials L. ), Common hornwort (Ceratophylum demersum L.) EM-1 and Seabloom29 in disease control. As results various isolates of Aspergillus niger were isolated from the infected plants. Also, establishment of Koch postulate revealed that the tested isolates caused significant reduction in percentage seed germination and increasing disease incidence and severity. Water extracts of Sage and Common hornwort significantly inhibited A. niger isolates, this inhibition was 34.8 – 100.0% at 1-15% of extracts respectively. The results of the study revealed that Effective Microorganisms (EM-1) had highly antagonistic activity against A.niger at 15% concentration compared with the control. Also the bio-fertilizer Sea bloom29 caused highest reduction in mean fungal growth at the same concentration. Under lath house condition all the bio-agents used for study induced significant reduction in both incidence and severity of peanut crown rot disease, furthermore plant extracts increased rate of seed germination to 93.33-100% and reduced root rot incidence and severity to 13.3-33.3%, 12.5-33.3% respectively as compared to pathogen alone. EM-1 and Sea bloom29 were very effective in reducing disease in plants. All Bio-control treatments increased plant fresh and dry weight. These results showed possibility of using the plant extracts and bioagents as alternative methods to control plant pathogens and decrease using of chemicals and their problems.

ملخص البحث :

The aim of this Study was to examine antimicrobial activity of the different concentrations us ( 1, 3 , 5 , 7 ) mg/ml from fresh juice Eucalyptus camaldolehsis against pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus.aureus .Atotal of 10 local isolated of S.aureus were selected from Laboratory of Biology department / college science / Baghdad university .The isolates was tested in microbiology laboratory in Almussiab Technical College to diagnostic and purified . The bioactivity of Eucalyptus leaves juice was tested by using agar diffusion method on Staphylococcus aureus . The result revealed that the 7 mg/ml concentrate of Eucalyptus Leaves juice had an effect on tested microorganism .Antimicrobial activity was present via inhibition zones. The results showed that diameter of inhibition zone was( 11)mm as compared with the control group

ملخص البحث :

بينـت نتـائج المسـح الحقلـي الـذي اجـري فـي 15 حقـل مزروعـة بنبـات البـاقلاء تابعـة لمحافظـة بابـل انتشـار مـرض تعفـن جـذور وقواعـد سـيقان البـاقلاء فـي جميـع المنـاطق التـي شـملها المسـح وبنسـب اصـابة تراوحـت بـين 40-100 %وبشدة اصابة تراوحت بين 7.26-75 %وبينت نتائج العزل والتشخيص تباين في وجود الفطريات وكانت اكثرها ظهـورا الفطريات Macrophomina phaseolina و solani Fusarium و Rhizoctonia solani . اثبتـت نتـائج التشـخيص الجزيئـي لهـذه الفطريـات ان 12 عزلـة مـن الفطـر R.solani تابعـة لـه و 9 عـزلات مـن الفطـر M. phaseolina تابعـة لهـذا الفطـر مـا عـدا الفطـر F.solani فقـد تبـين مـن خـلال هـذا الاختبار عـدم حصـول تفاعـل البرايمـر الخـاص بـه مـع عـزلتين تابعـة لـه باسـتخدام تقنيـة Chain Polymerase PCR Reaction . بينـت نتـائج الاختبـار للمقـدرة الامراضـية للفطريـات المدروسـة تفـاوت فـي نسـب الانبـات وتغــاير فــي شــدة الاصــابة. واظهــرت نتــائج الكشــف الكيميــائي للمستخلصــات النباتيــة ) اللــزيج، االلبيزيــا، عــرف الديك( احتوائها على مركبـات فعالـة قـادرة علـى تثبـيط الفطريـات الممرضـة، واظهـر مسـتخلص نبـات اللـزيج تفوقـه فــي نســبة التثبــيط للفطريــات المدروســة اذ بلــغ معــدل تثبــيط الفطريــات R.solani و F.solani و M. phaseolina . % 88.17 ،91.47 ،100% على التوالي. اظهـر الفطـر T.viride قدرتـه التثبيطية العالية على الفطريات المدروسة.

ملخص البحث :

The aims of the study was to control the pathogensof Damping off disease on Eggplant in Babylon province, Iraq using some biological control agents and salicylic acid. The results showed the potential of Tichoderma harzianum and Effective Microorganisms (EM1) when tested with pathogenic fungi (Rhizoctonia solani (RS-1), Fusarium solani (FS-2) and Macrophomina phaseolina (MP-1)) under laboratory conditions. The results of the field experiment showed that all the treatment used in the experiment, which included T. harzianum, Bio-fertilizer Bokashi and salicylic acid alone or interrelated, led to a significant increase in the percentage of germination of eggplant seeds and provide good protection for eggplant seeds and plants. The treatment of T. harzianum, Bokashi and salicylic acid in the percentage of germination increased between 87.50-95.83%. And reduced the disease incidence and severity. The results showed that all the factors achieved a significant increase in the growth indicators of eggplant seedlings, namely plant length, wet and dry weight and leaf area compared to the treatment of fungus alone. The highest yield was recorded in the treatment of T. harzianum, bio-fertilizer and Salicylic acid, with a significant increase in plant height ranging from 28.33-30.00 cm2 and wet and dry weight to 8.07-8.85 and 2.55-2.84 g Respectively and also contributed significantly to the increase and leaf area, which amounted to 23.80-24.67 cm 2 . And increase leaf content of Chlorophyll.

ملخص البحث :

Abstract Aspergillus ochraceus and Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [telomorph: Gibberella zeae Schwein. (Petch)], are ones of the most destructive diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) worldwide. Numerous strategies for diseases resistance breeding, chemical and bio-control are in use, including marker-assisted selection for resistance QTL and using plants extracts for inhibiting the presence of mycotoxins. The most destructive consequences of these fungi are evidenced through a reduction in grain quality, and the presence of mycotoxins, the most common of which are ochratoxin and deoxynivalenol (DON). Thus, there is great interest among researchers in inhibiting and controlling these fungi. To this end, a study was devised as follows. Powder of grinded Thymus vulgaris and Artemisia herba-alba plants were applied to potato sucrose agar (PSA) at concentrations of (1, 3, and 5%). This treatment resulted in inhibiting the fungal growth with thyme powder by (35.52, 66.5, 78.50, 39.5, 68.70, 81.6) for both fungi and concentrations, respectively. Treatment of artemisia powder at the same concentrations inhibited fungal growth by (20.5, 50.2, 65.8, 23.6, 51.5, and 67.7%) for both fungi and concentrations, respectively. Phytochemical extract of thyme and artemisia plants at concentrations of (0.5%, 1%, and 2%) inhibited the growth of fungi by a certain percentage as follows. Fungal growth inhabitation was decreased by (70.3, 92.6, 100%, 75.5, 94.1, and 100%) for both fungi strains respectively with thyme extract. Alcoholic extract of artemisia inhibited and decreases their growth by (41.5, 85.7, 100, 55.7, 88.7 and 100%), respectively

ملخص البحث :

The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the water extract of Propolis, Wild mustard and dates vinegar in the inhibition of Penicillium italicum causal agent of Blue mold on a lemon fruits. The results showed that all tested extracts with concentrations 5, 10 and 15% had a high inhibitory effect against P. italicum. Dates vinegar is highly effective and showed 100% inhibition of P. italicum and protected lemon fruit from infection. First time this type of natural inhibitory water extracts are used in Iraq which resulted that the dates vinegar is the best suitable option for the management of lemon blue mold disease in post-harvest.

ملخص البحث :

Abstract The aim of this study was to isolate and diagnose the causing of Damping off Disease on Tomato in the Babylon governorate-Iraq. And evaluate the effectiveness of Trichoderma harzianum and some plant extracts in the control of the pathogen. The results of isolating the fungus from the affected plant parts of the tomato seedlings revealed the emergence of 3 isolates of Fusarium solani. The results of the test of pathogenicity showed that all isolates of the fungus had a pathogenic ability. The results showed that T. harzianum was effective against of the F. solani and with a high inhibitory rate. The bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis were low effective inhibition of pathogen growth. The water extract of the leaves of the Conocarpus lancifolius and the Xanthium strumarium (Rough cocklebur) (5, 10 and 15%) was effective in the fungus F. solani (Fs3) and with a significant superiority of the Rough cocklebur extract at 15% concentration. The results showed that the agents used in the study provided good protection for tomato seed and seedlings from infection. The treatment of interference between T. harzianum and Bacteria and the Rough cocklebur extract was protected the seeds and improved their germination to be 88.88% compared to the germination rate of the pathogen, which had a germination rate of 33.33%. The integrated treatment between the T. harzianum, B. thuringiensis and Rough cocklebur extract was superior in reducing the disease incidence and severity of infection into 25.92% and 13.33% respectively and close to the treatment of chemical fungicide Beltanol, which was the 14.81 and 8.14%, respectively. And improved the parameters of plant growth which included length of plants and wet and dry weights under Nursery condition.

ملخص البحث :

Abstract. This study aims to a survey broad bean root rot disease in Babylon governorate (80 km south Baghdad-Iraq), and evaluation the antagonistic activity of the biological control agents Trichoderma harzianium and T. viride against pathogens. The result showed the distribution of the disease in all fields in percentage of disease incidence 65-100% and severity 22.50-68.75%. Results of isolation and identification showed the presence of 6 species of fungi associated with infected plants with variable percentage of presence. Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani were present in most samples, whereas other fungi Macrophomina phasealina , Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma sp. and Penecillium sp. were found with a low rate. T. harzianums and T. viride fungi had highly antagonistic ability against of pathogenic isolates, and protect broad bean plant from infection by pathogenic fungi by reduced diseases incidence and severity and increased plant growth promoting compared to control (with pathogen). The bio-control agents T. viride, T. harzianium alone increased plant length to76.53, 73.33 cm and fresh weight to33.77,33.35 g and dry weight to 2.00, 2.27g respectively compared to control.

ملخص البحث :

Abstract The study aimed to isolating and diagnosing the pathogen of white mold on eggplant and evaluating the efficiency of some plant extracts and biological agents against pathogens under field conditions. The results of isolation and diagnosis showed three isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The results of the field experiment showed that all the treatment used in the experiment, which included P. fluorescens, Effective Microorganism EM-1 and the Water hyacinth extract, reduced the negative effects of S. sclerotiorum and clearly protected eggplant plants from white mold disease. Resulted in a significant reduction in the percentage of infection and the severity of infection and in different rates compared with the treatment of S. sclerotiorum disease alone, which had a treatment rate of 100% and severity of infection 56.67%, where the treatment of integration between the biological product EM-1 and P. fluorescens and Aqueous extract of Water hyacinth in the reduction of infection rate, amounting to 16.67% and the severity of the injury 10.00%. Which was positively reflected in the increase in the rate of plant height, wet and dry weight of eggplant plants and the superiority of the treatment of interference between the extract of Water hyacinth and bacteria. P. fluorescens and EM-1 increased plant rate of 152.00 cm and wet dry weight 626.67 and 160.42 g, respectively. The total increase of eggplant was 29.96 kg compared with S. sclerotiorum, which gave a weight of 11.77 kg.

ملخص البحث :

ABSTRACT The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of some plant extracts and Bio-factors against the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum fungus causing white mold disease on eggplant in vitro. The results of isolation and diagnosis showed three isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The results of isolation and diagnosis showed three isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The results showed that the fluorescens Pseudomonas bacteria had a significant effect in inhibiting the growth of isolate of pathogenic fungi that causing white mold disease of eggplant. The results also showed the Effective microorganism extract (EM-1) in inhibiting the growth of the tested pathogen isolate (S.sclerotiorum (Sc-2)), where the percentages of inhibition amounted to (100.00%). The results showed that all used plant extracts to study their effect against the pathogenic fungus (S. sclerotiorum), which included the leaves of the water hyacinth, Hornwort, and Conocarpus, achieved high effectiveness of inhibitory against the growth of pathogenic fungi on the culture media and in a direct relationship with an increased focus for each treatment. The results indicated that the aqueous extract for the Propolis was inhibiting activity against the pathogenic isolate for the fungi pathogenic (Sc-2), where the percentages of inhibition amounted to (50.77, 52.92 and 74.13%) when adding concentrations of (5, 10 and 15%), respectively. This study showed, for the first time in the world, the efficiency of the cold aqueous extract for propolis and the leaves extract for the water hyacinth, Hornwort, and Conocarpus against the S. sclerotiorum fungus that causing white mold disease on eggplant.

ملخص البحث :

Abstract: The aim of this study was to isolation and identification of Sunflower root rot causes in Babylon province fields and Evaluation of the efficiency of some biological and chemical products in their control under Laboratory conditions. The results of the field survey showed the presence of Sunflower root rot disease in all the surveyed areas with disease incidence of 20-55%. Results of isolation and identification and microscopic characteristics showed the presence of some species of fungi associated with Sunflower infected plants, Macrophomina phaseolina was presented in all samples with a rate of 100% followed by Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani. The test of Pathogencity for isolates showed that these fungi R. solani, F. solani, M. phaseolina were pathogenic and responsible to Sunflower root rot disease. The results appeared that effective microorganisms (EM1) formula was very effective and had high antagonistic activity against pathogenic fungi which decrease growth of the most aggressive and speediest isolate R. solani with inhibitory ratio 81.11%. Also inhibited growth of Fusarium and Macrophomina to 87.96 and 80.92%, respectively. Also, the results showed that Bio-Immune, Black tea and Cinnamon and Liquorice extract caused significant decrease in fungal growth in the medium. This appeared the highest antagonism against pathogens. The study ensured for the first time the activity of Effective Microorganism formula and Bio-Immune against fungi causes Sunflower root rot in the world.

ملخص البحث :

The research was aimed to study of some plant extracts, Trichoderma harzianium and Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Azotobacter chroococcum and addition of organic fertilizer made of Date palm leaves in control Eggplant root rot disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani fungus. Results of the field survey showed the presence of Eggplant root rot disease in all the surveyed districts Baghdad, Babylon and Karbalaa province with disease incidence of 33.3-83.0% and severity of 16-60%. T. harzianium and A. chroococcum have highly antagonistic ability against of pathogenic isolates of R. solani under laboratory conditions. The plant extract that used in study (Cinnamon, ginger, Milk thistle, Crack willow) had against effect on the growth of pathogen on PDA. superior of Cinnamon extract which was prevent growth of pathogen. The results of the field experiment and lath house condition indicated that Integrated treatment with the T. harzianium and A. chroococcum caused significant reduction in disease severity to 33.33% and caused significantly enhanced eggplant growth parameters. The organic fertilizer of Date palm leaves increased the Efficiency of biological control agents. The integrated treatment between T. harzianium and A. chroococcum and organic fertilizer of Date palm leaves showed decreased in disease severity to 20.00% then increasing the plant growth parameters into 17.33 cm, 18.33 and 2.77g respectively. These results were appeared for the first time in Iraq that T. harzianium, A. chroococcum and organic fertilizer of Date palm leaves showed high antagonistic with R. solani and decreased severity of Eggplant root rot disease.

ملخص البحث :

Abstract Two factorial experiments carried out in the research center at college of technical with the aim of increasing the concentration of medically active compounds in the leaves of vinca plants. In the first experiment, different concentrations of chitosan were used (0, 20 and 40 mg/l-1) as a spray on the leaves, and the second factor was use and non-use of bacteria Azospirillium for stressful plants at several salinity levels (0, 3 and 6 ds) planted in plastic pots. As for the second experiment, the first factor was the use of different amounts of Bokashi (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) from the weight of the pot, while it was the second factor use and non-use of bacteria Azospirillium. The experiment was designed according to design (C.R.D.) of five replicates for each treatment, each replicate contains five pots. The results showed that the study factors had a significant effect on the studies characteristics, the interaction gave in the first experiment (40 mg/l-1 of chitosan+ Azospirillium add + 0.0 NaCl) highest levels of alkaloids compounds) Vincristine 314.9, Vinblastine 301.3, Cathranthine 581.7, Vindoline 406.2), while interaction was given (0.0 of chitosan+don’t add Azospirillium + 0.0 NaCl) lowest results (126.4, 111.2, 203.3 and 176.3) respectively. While in the second experiment the interaction (20% Bokashi + add Azospirillium) gave the highest level from vincristine (558.7), the interaction (30% Bokashi + add Azospirillium) gave the highest level from vinblastine (388.55) and cathranthine (871.6) and the interaction (40% Bokashi + add Azospirillium) given the highest level from vindoline (487.9), while the interaction (don’t add Bokashi and don’t add Azospirillium) it gave the lowest results for all the characteristics.

ملخص البحث :

Abstract: The damping off caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is serious disease on cotton in Iraq. The objective of the study was to test the inhibitory ability of some biological agents and plant extracts against the R. solani. The disease was present in all the areas surveyed with disease incidence ranging from 40-100% and severity 15-75%. The results of isolation and diagnosis showed the presence of R. solani in the most of the samples. The isolates reduced cotton seed germination and had a negative effect on the growth of cotton seedlings and increased the disease incidence and severity. The 10% concentration of common bugloss (Anchusa officinalis) and black cumin (Nigella sativa) inhibited the fungal growth with inhibition percentage of 37.0 and 25.9 respectively, whereas, the fenugreek (Trigonella foenum) extract was less effective. T. harzianum fungus had high antagonistic ability followed by Aspergillus niger and Penicillium spp against of pathogenic isolate of R. solani.

ملخص البحث :

Abstract: The study aimed to identify the Cucumber Root Rot Diseases in some areas of Babylon Governorate, isolate and diagnose the pathogen. The evaluation of the efficacy of Azotobacter and Azospierillum in disease control under field conditions. The field survey results showed the presence of cucumber root rot disease in all areas covered by the survey, with infection rates ranging between 70-90% and severity from 30-68%. The isolation results showed the presence of 10 types of fungi associated with the infested roots of the cucumber plant. Fusarium Solani was the most frequent fungi. It appeared in most samples with varying frequency rates of 75.05%, followed by the fungi Macrophomina Phaseolina 68.75% and Rhizoctonia Solani with a frequency of 62.05%. The use of Azotobacter Chrococcum as a biological control agent inhibited the growth of the pathogen Rhizoctonia Solani (Rs-1) and Fusarium Solani (Fs-6) and Macrophomina Phaseolina (Mp-2) in the PDA medium. With a high inhibition rate. The field experiment results showed that the agents used might significantly reduce the adverse effects of the pathogenic fungi. They also provided good protection for cucumber plants from infection with root rot pathogens, with significant differences from pathogenic fungi alone, whose infection rate was 100% and intensity was between 87.67 - 95.67% in the interaction treatment. Chroococcum and Azospirillum Brasiliense were superior in reducing infection incidence and severity with cucumber root rot pathogens under field conditions. It provided good protection from infection so that the disease incidence was between 22.00-27.00% and the infection severity 20.00-21.33%. All the treatments led to a significant increase in the studied cucumber plant growth parameters, increasing plant height, fresh and dry weight, leaf area, and yield weight. Azospirillum and Azotobacter alone and without adding the pathogen to improving plant growth parameters and increasing the yield weight. The interaction treatment between the two types of bacteria surpassed the highest rate of 36.04 kg compared to the control treatment and without any addition, as the yield weight reached 20.12 kgs.

ملخص البحث :

Abstract This study aims to examined antagonistic ability of some Plant Extracts and bio agents against of Rhizoctonia solani. The aqueous Extracts of plants used in study (Common Hornwort, Sage and Thorn apple) had against effect on the growth of pathogen in PSA medium. The Common Hornwort and Sage at rate 15% was superior inhibits fungal growth, it was 100.0 %. The results showed that alcoholic extract of plants (in concentrate 10 and 15%) was also effective and caused highly activity to inhibit radial growth of pathogen. In addition to the concentrates 1 and 5% were inhibited at rates 40.8-69.6% and 63.0- 3838%. Thorn apple (Datura) extract was superior on Sage then Common Hornwort respectively. In the other hand the results appeared that Effective Microorganisms (EM-1) reduced growth of fungus more than organic fertilizer, Sea Bloom 29 which was 100.0% at both rates 10 and 15% whereas, the concentration 1 and 5% have inhibition influence which was 48.5 and 76.3% respectively. These results showed for the first time that ability of using the plant extracts and bioagents as alternative methods to control of the most serious plant pathogen and reduce using of chemicals and their problems.

ملخص البحث :

Abstract: The study aimed to identify the problem in some region of Babylon province, isolate and diagnose the pathogen and evaluating the effectiveness of some biological control agents in disease resistance under laboratory conditions and lath house. The results of the field survey showed the presence of cucumber root rot disease in all areas covered by the survey in Babylon province, with infection ranging between 70- 90% and infection severity from 30-68%. The isolation results showed the presence of 10 types of fungi associated with the roots of the infected cucumber plant, and Fusarium solani was the most frequent fungi. It appeared in most samples with different rates of frequency and at rate of 75.05%, followed by the fungi Rhizoctonia solani with a frequency of 62.05%. The use of Azotobacter chroococcum as a biological control agent inhibited the growth of pathogen R. solani (Rs-1) and F.solani (Fs-6) and M. phaseolina (Mp-2) in the PDA culture medium with good inhibition percentage. The isolation results showed the presence of 10 types of fungi associated with the roots of the infected cucumber plant, and Fusarium solani was the most frequent fungi. It appeared in most samples with different rates of frequency and at an average of 75.05%, followed by the fungi Rhizoctonia solani with a frequency of 62.05%. The results showed that the biological resistance factors A. chroococcum and Azospirillum brasilense interaction with each other, close to the efficiency of the Beltanol treatment in controlling pathogenic fungi. The results showed that all the treatments led to a significant increase in the studied cucumber plant growth parameters in increasing the plant height, fresh and dry weight.

ملخص البحث :

Abstract The study aimed to survey pepper root rot disease in some fields of Babylon province, isolate and diagnose the fungi that cause the disease, and evaluate the efficiency of some biological control agents against pathogens in the laboratory and under lath house conditions. The results showed the presence of the disease in all areas covered by the survey, with infection rates ranging between 20-60%. The fungi, Fusarium solani and Macrophamina phaseolina, was causing agent of disease. The results showed that Penicillium cyclopium and Azotobacter chrocooccum bacteria had a high antagonistic ability against the pathogenic fungi F.solani and M.phaseolina. The results of the antagonism of the aqueous extracts of plants used in the study (Cariza, Schanginia, wild mustard, and Cinnamon) in the concentration (5,10,15%) against the pathogenic fungi. The results of the wooden canopy experiment showed that the interaction treatment of A. chrocooccum and P. cyclopium and the extract of the cinnamon reduction the disease incidence and severity of infection with the pathogenic fungi F.solani and M.phaseolina, where the disease incidence and severity reached 23.33-21.67% and 33.33 % respectively, compared to treatment with pathogenic fungi alone The disease incidence 100% and severity 81.67-83.33%. All treatments achieved a significant increase in the average of height, wet and dry weights and the percentage of seed germination in the woody canopy. The interaction treatment with A.chrocooccum bacteria and the P.cyclopium and the extract of cinnamon enhancement growth parameters compared to the control treatment.

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Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the Bokashi biofertilizer and some biological factors in control of fig root rot disease. A field survey was conducted in several orchids in three Iraqi Provinces Karbala, Babylon, and Baghdad, respectively. The results showed that the presence of fig root rot disease in all orchids covered by the survey with percentages of disease incidence ranging between 40-90%. It was found also presence two fungi accompanying with the symptomatic root of fig trees. Fusarium solani was the most frequent pathogenic fungus, followed by Rhizoctonia solani. Furthermore, the results revealed that all tested fungi isolates were pathogenic. Additionally, the findings of the field experiment proved the effectiveness of the two biological factors Penicillium cyclopium and Trichoderma harzianum and bokashi biofertilizer against disease pathogens. The treatment of interaction among the bioagents P.cyclopiu and T.harzianum , and bokashi bio-fertilizer outperformed the rest of the tested treatments. This was by causing a significant reduction in the root rot incidence and severity caused by the two pathogenic fungi R.solani and F.solani. As well as, these biological treatments led to achieve a significant increase in the growth parameters that included plant height and the wet and dry weight of the foliage compared to the control treatment.

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Abstract: The study aimed to investigate the spread of green and blue mold disease in stores and local markets, isolate and diagnose the causes of this disease, and study the efficiency of using plant extracts against pathogens under laboratory conditions. The results showed isolating the pathogen from the infected orange fruits, which were collected randomly from the local markets of Babylon Governorate / Al-Musayyab district. Four isolates of Pencillium digitatum and three isolates of Pencillium italicum were obtained. One isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus was discovered, and this is the first record in Iraq. The test results showed that all isolates obtained from local markets were pathogenic to orange fruits. The results of this study showed the superiority of tea extract with all concentrations used to inhibit the growth of P. digitatum and P. italicum, which gave an average inhibition rate of 85.18, 87.77 and 90.73%, respectively, for concentrations 5, 10 and 15%, respectively, for P. digitatum. The average inhibition percentage was 86.85, 88.88 and 91.1% for the concentrations 5, 10 and 15%, respectively for P. italicum.

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